parturition

Question 1

what animal was an artificial womb used for

Answer 1

premature lamb

Question 2

why is creating an artificial womb for humans harder than lambs

Answer 2

discoid placenta is harder to mimic

Question 3

what initiates parturition

Answer 3

fetal release of CRH and adrenal corticosteroids

Question 4

what causes uterine contractions during parturition

Answer 4

PGF2a

Question 5

what causes dilation of the cervix

Answer 5

relaxin

Question 6

what end hormone is progesterone converted to

Answer 6

estradiol

Question 7

what enzyme converts progesterone to 17a-hydroxyprogesterone

Answer 7

17a-hydroxylase

Question 8

what enzyme converts 17a-hydroxyprogesterone to androstenedione

Answer 8

17-20 desmolase

Question 9

what enzyme converts androstenedione to estradiol

Answer 9

aromatase

Question 10

signs of impending parturition

Answer 10

-udder development/milk letdown
-hollowing and relaxing
-nesting
-isolation
-refusal of feed
-colicky/discomfort

Question 11

stage 1 of parturition(preparation) Characteristics

Answer 11

-contractions become regular
-rotation of the fetus
-dilation of the cervix
-relaxation of pubic symphysis

Question 12

what is the pubic symphysis

Answer 12

pelvic muscle attached to the broad ligament

Question 13

stage 2 of parturition(fetal expulsion) characteristics

Answer 13

-chorioallantois rupture
-fetus forced through birth canal
-rupture of amnion
-delivery of fetus
-umbilical cord severed

Question 14

purpose of chorionallantois rupture

Answer 14

lubrication

Question 15

what is PGF2a released by

Answer 15

the uterus

Question 16

stage 3 of parturition(delivery of membranes) characteristics

Answer 16

-chorionic villi loosen/detach
-afterbirth is shed
-placental delivery

Question 17

causes of retained placenta

Answer 17

-early delivery
-disease/vitamin imbalance
-twins/triplets

Question 18

consequences of retained placenta

Answer 18

bacteria can migrate up placenta and cause a uterine infection

Question 19

what phaser of parturition is the shortest

Answer 19

stage 2

Question 20

causes of dystocia

Answer 20

-small dam
-large fetus
-malpresentation

Question 21

types of malpresentation

Answer 21

-breech(backwards)
-one leg back
-hind legs only
-head back
-both forelegs back
-elbow lock
-twin: one front one back
-twin: 4 legs 1 head

Question 22

sow induction of parturition

Answer 22

PGF(only after day 112 or will abort)

Question 23

ewe induction of parturition

Answer 23

glucocorticoids

Question 24

cow induction of parturition

Answer 24

glucocorticoids within 2 weeks of term

Question 25

what is likely for cow induced parturition

Answer 25

retained placenta

Question 26

mare induction of parturition

Answer 26

no good method
-oxytocin and PGF, repeat oxytocin until stage 2 starts

Question 27

why are there no good methods to induce parturition

Answer 27

parturition is induced by fetal hormones, all methods act on the maternal side