Module 1-Intro and Neuroanatomy

Question 1

three types of reproductive processes

Answer 1

Oviparous
ovoviparous
viviparous

Question 2

oviviparous

Answer 2

female lays eggs that hatch outside the body
Ex: birds and some reptiles

Question 3

Ovoviviparous

Answer 3

give birth to live young from eggs inside body
Ex: shark, amphibians

Question 4

viviparous

Answer 4

give birth to live young nourished by contact between the placenta and uterus
Ex: mammals

Question 5

induced ovulation

Answer 5

Ovulation is induced by outside stimuli
Ex: Cats, Llamas

Question 6

Spontaneous ovulation

Answer 6

ovulation happens within a window of time on a cyclic interval

Question 7

Delayed fertilization

Answer 7

Ovulation occurs as normal, sperm gets stored in female body until body is ready for pregnancy

Question 8

Delayed (embryotic) Development

Answer 8

growth of embryo is delayed after fertilization occurs

Question 9

Delayed implantation(embryonic diapause)

Answer 9

embryo develops to the blastocyst phase and free floats in uterus until ready to implant

Question 10

Examples of animals with delayed implantation? why?

Answer 10

-Grizzly bear, hibernation
-elephant seal, birth and mating happen at the same time once a year

Question 11

two types of delayed implantation and what they are

Answer 11

obligate: strategic reason for delay(usually follows a pattern)
Facultative: based on biological cues

Question 12

Spontaneous abortion cause in mice

Answer 12

female is pregnant and smells unknown male and triggers abortion

Question 13

how does synchronization of estrus work

Answer 13

Male pheromones release triggering nearby females to enter estrus

Question 14

predator satiation hypothesis, examples?

Answer 14

highly synchronized births to satiate predators(cant catch them all)
Ex: wildebeest, cape buffallo

Question 15

predator avoidance hypothesis, examples?

Answer 15

births evenly dispersed and hidden from predators
Ex: Impalla, waterbuck, oribi

Question 16

monozygotic polyembryony

Answer 16

one zygote splits into four producing 4 genetically identical offspring
Ex: armadillos

Question 17

menopause

Answer 17

egg reserve fully depleted

Question 18

why are only three species documented as going through menopause

Answer 18

most likely all others life span is lower than the amount of eggs they have

Question 19

intrafollicular fertilization

Answer 19

Sperm fertilizes egg in storage area, then the embryo is released
Ex: short tailed shrew

Question 20

superfecundation

Answer 20

more than one oocyte released from same estrous cycle, fertilized by more than one male
Ex: dogs and cats

Question 21

superfetation

Answer 21

female conceives while already pregnant(form of delayed implantation)
Ex: minks

Question 22

adelphophagy

Answer 22

eating ones brother in womb

Question 23

oophagy

Answer 23

fertilized embryo eats unfertilized oocytes

Question 24

dendrite

Answer 24

small branches that receive nerve impulse from other neurons

Question 25

axon

Answer 25

conduct nerve impulse away from cell body

Question 26

synapse

Answer 26

space between two neurons/space between neuron and target cell

Question 27

purpose of tonic center

Answer 27

signaling of hormones

Question 28

purpose of surge center

Answer 28

control ovulation

Question 29

T/F males only have a tonic center, while females have both

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

what kind of tissue is the anterior pituitary made of

Answer 30

glandular tissue

Question 31

Hypothalamus -what cells does it contain? -what does it produce? -what hormones does it release?

Answer 31

-neurosecretory cells -neurohormones -GnRH, GHRH, TRH, CRH

Question 32

what pulse type does the tonic center produce

Answer 32

consistent/rhythmic up and down

Question 33

what type of pulse does the surge center produce

Answer 33

greater frequency and amplitude

Question 34

how is the posterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

Answer 34

direct extension of axons of hypothalamus through infundibular stock

Question 35

T/F the posterior pituitary stores and releases hormones, but it can not synthesize them

Answer 35

TRUE

Question 36

what is the most common hormone released by the posterior pituitary

Answer 36

oxytocin

Question 37

how is the anterior pituitary connected to the hypothalamus

Answer 37

indirect connection through the primary portal plexus(portal vessels carry trophic hormones to anterior pituitary)

Question 38

somatotrophs

Answer 38

secrete somatotropin(growth hormone)

Question 39

adrenotrophs

Answer 39

secrete ACTH(cascade for cortisol release)

Question 40

Thyrotrophs

Answer 40

secrete thyroid stimulation hormone

Question 41

lactotrophs

Answer 41

secrete prolactin in response to decreased dopamine

Question 42

gonadotrophs

Answer 42

secrete gonadotropins(FSH, LH)

Question 43

example of obligate delayed implantation

Answer 43

elephant seal

Question 44

example of facultative delayed implantation

Answer 44

mice/rats