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sex determination and differentiation Flashcards

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1
Q

what do green spoon worms release that makes them female

A

Bonellin

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2
Q

homogametic sex

A

two of the same chromosomes
-female in mammals
-male in birds

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3
Q

heterogametic sex

A

two different chromosomes
-male in mammals
-female in birds

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4
Q

Klinefelter syndrome

A

-xxy or xxxy chromosome
-male offspring

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5
Q

turners syndrome

A

-xo chromosomes
–female offspring

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6
Q

triple x syndrome

A

-xxx chromosomes
-female offspring

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7
Q

anupolidity definition

A

abnormal number of chromosomes

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8
Q

what causes anupolidity most often

A

non disjunction(improper cell division) during meiosis

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9
Q

role of SRY gene

A

initiation of male sex determination

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10
Q

name of male tubular system

A

mesonephric tubules/Wolffian ducts

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11
Q

name of female tubular system

A

paramesonephric tubules/Mullerian duct

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12
Q

why is mitosis during gonad formation more important for female sex cells than male

A

it decides how many gametes a female will have

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13
Q

genes associated with formation of indifferent gonads

A

-steroidogenic factor 1
-Wilms tumor gene

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14
Q

genes associated with formation of testes

A

-SRY gene
-SOX-9
-fibroblast growth factor 9(FGF-9)

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15
Q

role of SOX-9

A

formation of Sertoli cells

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16
Q

role of FGF-9

A

Sertoli cell differentiation

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17
Q

genes associated with formation of ovaries

A

-WNT-4
-R-spondin1

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18
Q

below what temperature will sea turtles be male

A

81.9 F

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19
Q

above what temperature will sea turtles be female

A

88.8 F

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20
Q

what two hormones are responsible for male tubular tract

A

-androgens(testosterone)
-anti-Mullerian(AMH)

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21
Q

purpose of testosterone in male tubular formation

A

growth of wolffian duct

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22
Q

purpose of AMH in male tubular system

A

regression of Mullerian duct

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23
Q

explain Alfred Jost’s experiment and results

A

removed the gonads from fetus’ during early gestation and observed offspring through pregnancy and into adulthood. Fetus’ with ovaries removed developed female tubular system. Fetus’ with testes removes also produced female tubular system.
-told him testes controlled growth of male tubular system

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24
Q

what does external genitalia develop from

A

the ectoderm

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25
what reduces testosterone to 5a-dihydrotestosterone(5a-DHT)
5a-reductase
26
function of 5a-DHT
formation of male external genitalia
27
what hormone prevents formation of the surge center in the brain
estradiol
28
what binds to estrogen to prevent it from bypassing the blood-brain barrier
alpha-fetoprotein(a-FP)
29
explain process for why female have surge center but males dont
a-FP binds to estodiol and prevents it from entering hypothalamus and killing surge center. a-FP cant bind to testosterone, so it gets into hypothalamus. Aromatase in brain converts testosterone to estradiol which kills surge center in males.
30
sexual dimorphism definition
male and female differences in traits belonging to both sexes
31
sexual dimorphism examples
-feathers on birds(male are more colorful) -hypothalamus(males is larger)
32
freemartins syndrome
-cow underdeveloped reproductive tract
33
causes of freemartins
-must be between twins:1 male, one female -placentas fuse, female fetus receives more testosterone than average
34
true hermaphrodite
-fertile -fertilization is external -contain both male and female tract
35
pseudo hermaphrodite
-typically infertile -mix of male and female tracts
36
testicular feminization syndrome
-testosterone and AMH, but no testosterone activity -no male or female tract -female external genitalia
37
androgenital syndrome
-hyperactive testosterone production with xx chromosomes -male and female tract -male external genitalia
38
persistent Mullerian duct syndrome
-testosterone and AMH, but no AMH activity -male and female tract -male external genitalia
39
penis at 12 syndrome
-testosterone and AMH -poor 5a-DHT female external genitalia at birth, male at puberty
40
what layer of germ cell does external genitalia develop from
ectoderm
41
what forms from the Mullerian duct
-oviducts -uterus -anterior vagina
42
what age must male and female clouded leopards be paired at in captivity for them to bond
6-8 weeks old
43
first clouded leopard born from frozen/thawed semen? when?
Niran, 2017
44
puberty definition
when animal becomes functionally capable of reproducing
45
male-defining onset of puberty
-behavioral traits expressed -age of 1st ejaculation: peripubertal(not fertile, seminal plasma) -age 1st spermatozoa appears in ejaculate -age 1st spermatozoa appear in urine -age when ejaculate contains threshold # of sperm(postpubertal)
46
female-defining onset of puberty
-age at first estrus: peripubertal, no ovulation -age at 1st ovulation; not fertile -age of reproductive competence: post-pubertal(approx. after 3rd cycle)
47
angus age of puberty
female: 12 months Male: 10 months
48
brahman age of puberty
female: 19 months Male: 17 months
49
large white age of puberty
Female and male: 6 months
50
meishan age of puberty
female and male: 3 months
51
what secretes leptin
adipocytes
52
what is leptin directly correlated to
amount of body fat
53
frisch theory
critical percentage of body fat and body weight are required for onset of puberty
54
what percent of mature body weight are livestock considered post pubertal(approx)
-dairy:40-55% -Beef:60-65% -sheep:40-63%
55
spring born ewes effect on puberty
-reach puberty at 5-6 months -less synchronized(over 66 day period)
56
fall born ewe effect on puberty
-reach puberty at 10-12 months -more synchronized(over 17 day period)
57
Vandenberg effect
-found in mice -male presence leads to earlier onset of puberty -the more females together the later the onset of puberty
58
onset of puberty for pigs: large group of females
28 weeks
59
onset of puberty for pigs: small group of females
32 weeks
60
onset of puberty for pigs: male present(contact/no contact)
24 weeks
61
what do primordial germ cells form
primary sex cords(follicles/seminiferous tubules)
62
what is the SRY gene
sex determining region of Y chromosome, turn on SOX-9 and FGF-9
63
RTS score and traits for prepubertal -estrogen feedback -follicle diameter
score:1 estrogen: negative feedback follicles: non palpable
64
RTS score and traits for peripubertal -estrogen feedback -follicle diameter
score: 2, 3 estrogen: negative feedback follicles: 8mm(2), 8-10mm(3)
64
RTS score and traits for pubertal -estrogen feedback -follicle diameter
Score: 4, 5 estrogen: positive feedback follicle: >10mm(4), CL(5)
65
where are leptin receptors
anterior pituitary and hypothalamus
66
order of onset of puberty for cows based on environmental factors(earliest to latest)
1. High growth + Bull(47 d sooner than 2) 2. Moderate growth + Bull 3. High growth, Female only 4. Moderate growth, Female only

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