Module 6-spermatogenesis

Question 1

what male mammal lacks the Y chromosome and sry gene

Answer 1

amami spiny rat

Question 2

what activates sox9 in amami spiny rat

Answer 2

two copies of the enhancer Enh14

Question 3

what is DNA wrapped around in sperm

Answer 3

protamines

Question 4

four stages of spermatogenesis

Answer 4

spermatocytogenesis
meiosis
spermiogenesis
spermiation

Question 5

spermatocytogenesis

Answer 5

mitosis phase(proliferation)

Question 6

meiosis stage

Answer 6

in 2 stages
DNA crossover

Question 7

spermiogenesis

Answer 7

differentiation. final maturation phase(from round shape to sperm shape)

Question 8

spermiation

Answer 8

release of sperm into lumen of seminiferous tubules

Question 9

what part of spermatogenesis occurs in basal membrane

Answer 9

proliferation

Question 10

what part of spermatogenesis occurs in adluminal membrane

Answer 10

meiosis
differentiation

Question 11

what hormone does the basal membrane require

Answer 11

LH
Testosterone

Question 12

what hormone does the adluminal membrane require

Answer 12

FSH

Question 13

stem cell renewal

Answer 13

-some maturing sperm cells revert back to the starting point
-allows for continued sperm production

Question 14

what is the theoretical yield of sperm from one spermatogonium

Answer 14

256

Question 15

where does most sperm loss occur during sperm production

Answer 15

mitotic spermatocytogenesis phase

Question 16

phases of differentiation(Spermiogenesis)

Answer 16

Golgi phase
Cap phase
Acrosome phase
Maturation phase

Question 17

Golgi phase

Answer 17

-golgi condenses to form proacrosomal granules that give rise to acrosome.
-centrioles migrate from the top of nucleus to the bottom

Question 18

Cap phase

Answer 18

-acrosome forms a cap on the nucleus
-remaining Golgi migrates downward with cytoplasm
-distal centriole connects to proximal centriole to form axoneme(cytoskeleton of sperm tail)

Question 19

acrosomal phase

Answer 19

-cytoplasm continues to pull downwards
-PC forms neck region
-DC continues to elongate
-Manchette anchor acrosome to keep on the sperm head

Question 20

Maturation phase

Answer 20

-manchette attach to neck to anchor acrosome
-mitochondria condense below neck piece(middle piece)

Question 21

T/F the time it takes for spermatogenesis is fixed and constant

Answer 21

TRUE

Question 22

how often do stem cells enter spermatogenesis in men

Answer 22

every 16 days

Question 23

how often do stem cells enter spermatogenesis in bulls

Answer 23

every 13.5 day

Question 24

cycle definition

Answer 24

progression through sequence of all stages

Question 25

stage definition

Answer 25

specific cellular associations

Question 26

how long is a bulls spermatogenic cycle

Answer 26

13.5 days

Question 27

how long is a rams spermatogenic cycle

Answer 27

10.1 days

Question 28

how long is a boars spermatogenic cycle

Answer 28

8.3 days

Question 29

how long is a stallions spermatogenic cycle

Answer 29

12.2 days

Question 30

how long is a rabbits spermatogenic cycle

Answer 30

11 days

Question 31

how many cycles does it take to complete spermatogenesis

Answer 31

4.5 cycles

Question 32

waves definition

Answer 32

the sequential order of stages happening along the seminiferous tubule

Question 33

what did the 2002 study determine was the purpose of hooked sperm in mice

Answer 33

sperm lock together to swim faster

Question 34

did the 2013 Australian study on mice sperm agree or disagree with the 2002 study

Answer 34

disagree. it said sperm swam faster by themselves

Question 35

what did the 2021 study determine about the hook on mice sperm

Answer 35

sperm clumping in polygamous sperm swim faster than monogamous sperm

Question 36

where is there a high degree of disulfide crosslinking

Answer 36

tail of the epididymis

Question 37

disulfide crosslinking definition

Answer 37

formation of tight bonds to further compact DNA

Question 38

fate of unejaculated sperm

Answer 38

reabsorption disposal in urine

Question 39

function of accessory fluid

Answer 39

transport sperm energy source(fructose) buffer

Question 40

places for variation in amount of sperm production

Answer 40

testes size efficiency of spermatogenesis number of Sertoli cells length of spermatogenesis

Question 41

what information does CASA give you

Answer 41

motility morphology analysis

Question 42

what does CASA stand for

Answer 42

computer assisted semen analysis

Question 43

motility definition

Answer 43

-velocity -linearity

Question 44

morphology analysis definition

Answer 44

area of sperm head acrosome vitality(living or not)

Question 45

sperm head abnormalities

Answer 45

crater defect tapered head ruffled acrosome knobbed acrosome

Question 46

sperm tail abnormalities

Answer 46

coiled tail double midpiece folded tail detached head

Question 47

steps for sex-sorted semen

Answer 47

-vital dye absorbed by DNA(X absorbs more than Y) -laser pings off fluorescent dye -detector reads absorption -droplet charging collar assigns charge based on absorption -magnet field directs sperm to containers

Question 48

spermatogonia

Answer 48

-closest to basement membrane -divide during prolifereation

Question 49

primary spermatocyte

Answer 49

product after mitosis phase completion

Question 50

secondary spermatocyte

Answer 50

product after meiosis I

Question 51

spermatid

Answer 51

product after meiosis II

Question 52

Spermatozoa

Answer 52

product after being released into lumen of seminiferous tubule

Question 53

postnuclear cap

Answer 53

forms from manchette that attach to acrosome and neck region of sperm

Question 54

what organelle forms the axoneme

Answer 54

distal centriole

Question 55

what microtubule-based cytoskeletal structure forms the flagellum

Answer 55

axoneme

Question 56

what mechanism allows for some spermatogonia to revert back to provide continual production

Answer 56

stem cell renewal

Question 57

what hormone is responsible for negative feedback in leydig cells

Answer 57

testosterone

Question 58

what hormone is responsible for negative feedback in sertoli cells

Answer 58

inhibin

Question 59

what glycoprotein is produced by sertoli cells in response to FSH and binds to testosterone and DHT

Answer 59

androgen binding protein

Question 60

name of vital dye used for sex sorted semen

Answer 60

flourochrome