patho final Flashcards
(195 cards)
1
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
A
Joint pain (worsens with use), stiffness, crepitus
Osteoarthritis is characterized by the degeneration of cartilage and is a non-inflammatory condition.
2
Q
What treatments are available for Osteoarthritis?
A
NSAIDs, corticosteroid injections, weight management, joint replacement
These treatments aim to alleviate pain and improve joint function.
3
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Osteoporosis?
A
Bone fractures, back pain, kyphosis, loss of height
Osteoporosis is diagnosed by a DEXA scan and is characterized by reduced bone density.
4
Q
What treatments are available for Osteoporosis?
A
Bisphosphonates, calcium/vitamin D, weight-bearing exercises
These treatments help to increase bone density and prevent fractures.
5
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Psoriasis?
A
Red plaques with silvery scales
Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune condition.
6
Q
What treatments are available for Psoriasis?
A
Topical steroids, UV therapy, biologics
These treatments aim to reduce inflammation and skin turnover.
7
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Vitiligo?
A
White patches of depigmented skin
Vitiligo is caused by autoimmune destruction of melanocytes.
8
Q
What treatments are available for Vitiligo?
A
Corticosteroids, phototherapy
These treatments aim to repigment the skin.
9
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)?
A
Itchy, inflamed skin, often in flexural areas
Eczema is associated with allergies and asthma.
10
Q
What treatments are available for Eczema?
A
Moisturizers, steroids, antihistamines
These treatments help to soothe inflammation and relieve itching.
11
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Melanoma?
A
Asymmetrical, irregular moles with color variation and evolving shape
Melanoma is considered the deadliest skin cancer.
12
Q
What treatments are available for Melanoma?
A
Surgical excision, immunotherapy
Early detection is critical for effective treatment.
13
Q
What are the characteristics of a 1st degree burn?
A
Red, painful (epidermis only)
This type of burn affects only the outer layer of skin.
14
Q
What are the characteristics of a 2nd degree burn?
A
Blisters, painful (dermis involved)
This type of burn affects both the epidermis and the dermis.
15
Q
What are the characteristics of a 3rd degree burn?
A
White/charred, painless (full-thickness)
This type of burn destroys both the epidermis and dermis, affecting deeper tissues.
16
Q
What is the Rule of 9s for adults?
A
Head = 9%, Each arm = 9%, Each leg = 18%, Front torso = 18%, Back torso = 18%, Perineum = 1%
This rule is used to estimate the total body surface area affected by burns.
17
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Gout?
A
Sudden joint pain, swelling, often in big toe
Gout is caused by uric acid crystal deposition in joints.
18
Q
What treatments are available for Gout?
A
NSAIDs, colchicine, allopurinol for prevention
These treatments help manage pain and reduce uric acid levels.
19
Q
What are the stages of Pressure Ulcers?
A
Stage I – Red, non-blanchable skin. Stage II – Partial-thickness skin loss (blister). Stage III – Full-thickness skin loss (fat exposed). Stage IV – Muscle, bone exposed.
Pressure ulcers require careful management to prevent complications.
20
Q
What is Atopic Dermatitis?
A
Chronic eczema associated with allergies
This condition often requires long-term management.
21
Q
What is Contact Dermatitis?
A
Irritant or allergic reaction
Treatment involves avoiding the irritant or allergen and may include topical steroids.
22
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of HIV?
A
Weight loss, infections, low CD4
HIV is transmitted through blood and body fluids.
23
Q
What treatments are available for HIV?
A
ART (lifelong)
Antiretroviral therapy helps manage the virus and improve quality of life.
24
Q
What are the signs and symptoms of Hepatitis B?
A
Jaundice, liver damage
Hepatitis B can lead to chronic liver disease.
25
What treatments are available for Hepatitis B?
Antivirals; vaccine available
## Footnote
Vaccination is key for prevention.
26
What are the signs and symptoms of Herpes (HSV-1/2)?
Painful blisters, latency
## Footnote
Herpes can recur and is often managed with antiviral medications.
27
What is Innate Immunity?
Immediate, non-specific (e.g., skin, macrophages)
## Footnote
This type of immunity acts as the first line of defense.
28
What is Adaptive Immunity?
Specific, slower response (B and T cells), has memory
## Footnote
Adaptive immunity develops over time and improves with exposure.
29
What is Metaplasia?
Reversible replacement of one mature cell type with another
## Footnote
An example is smoking leading to columnar to squamous cell change in airways.
30
What are the signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Symmetrical joint pain, morning stiffness >1 hr, fatigue
## Footnote
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition characterized by systemic inflammation.
31
What treatments are available for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
DMARDs (e.g., methotrexate), NSAIDs, steroids
## Footnote
These treatments aim to reduce inflammation and manage symptoms.
32
What are the signs of Hypothyroidism?
Weight gain, fatigue, cold intolerance, constipation
## Footnote
Hypothyroidism can significantly affect metabolism.
33
What is the treatment for Hypothyroidism?
Levothyroxine (synthetic thyroxine t4)
## Footnote
This medication helps to normalize thyroid hormone levels.
34
What are the signs of Hyperthyroidism?
Weight loss, heat intolerance, anxiety, tachycardia
## Footnote
Hyperthyroidism can lead to various systemic symptoms.
35
What treatments are available for Hyperthyroidism?
Beta-blockers, antithyroid meds (methimazole), radioactive iodine
## Footnote
Treatment aims to reduce thyroid hormone production.
36
What are the signs of Addison’s Disease?
Weakness, hyperpigmentation, hypotension
## Footnote
Addison's disease is characterized by low cortisol levels.
37
What is the treatment for Addison’s Disease?
Steroid replacement
( adrenal gland does not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone )
## Footnote
This treatment is essential for managing symptoms.
38
What are the signs of Cushing’s Syndrome?
Moon face, buffalo hump, weight gain, striae
## Footnote
Cushing's syndrome is characterized by high cortisol levels.
39
What is the treatment for Cushing’s Syndrome?
Remove source (tumor), meds to suppress cortisol
## Footnote
High levels of cortisol
Management may require surgical intervention.
40
What is Cushing’s Triad?
Bradycardia, irregular respirations, hypertension
## Footnote
This triad indicates increased intracranial pressure.
a late-stage sign of neurological compromise, often preceding brain herniation, and requires immediate medical attention.
41
What are the characteristics of Down Syndrome?
Trisomy 21, flat facial features, developmental delay
## Footnote
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder caused by an extra chromosome.
42
What are the characteristics of Tay-Sachs?
Neurodegenerative, common in Ashkenazi Jews, cherry red macula, no cure, fatal in early childhood
## Footnote
Tay-Sachs is a genetic disorder that leads to the destruction of nerve cells.
43
What is Primary Prevention?
Prevent disease (vaccination)
## Footnote
This level of prevention focuses on avoiding the onset of disease.
44
What is Secondary Prevention?
Early detection (screening)
## Footnote
This level aims to identify diseases in their early stages.
45
What is Tertiary Prevention?
Limit impact (rehab, treatment)
## Footnote
This level focuses on managing and mitigating the effects of established diseases.
46
What is the definition of Incidence?
New cases
## Footnote
Incidence measures the frequency of new occurrences of a disease in a specified time period.
47
What is the definition of Prevalence?
Total existing cases
## Footnote
Prevalence reflects the total number of cases, both new and existing, in a population at a given time.
48
What is an Epidemic?
Sudden increase in cases
## Footnote
An epidemic occurs when the incidence of a disease exceeds what is normally expected.
49
What is a Pandemic?
Worldwide spread
## Footnote
A pandemic refers to an epidemic that has spread across multiple countries or continents.
50
What is Autosomal Recessive inheritance?
Both alleles must be defective (e.g., cystic fibrosis).
51
Define Heterozygote.
One normal, one mutated allele; carrier status.
52
What produces insulin in the pancreas?
Beta cells in pancreas (Islets of Langerhans).
53
What is the primary function of insulin?
Lowers blood glucose by promoting uptake into cells.
54
List signs/symptoms of Sleep Apnea.
* Snoring
* Daytime fatigue
* Apnea episodes
55
What are common treatments for Sleep Apnea?
* CPAP machine
* Weight loss
* Surgery if severe
56
What are signs/symptoms of Delirium?
* Acute confusion
* Fluctuating consciousness
* Disorganized thinking
57
What are causes of Delirium?
* Infection
* Medications
* Electrolyte imbalance
58
What is the treatment for Delirium?
* Address cause
* Reorientation
* Safety measures
59
What are signs/symptoms of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
* Ascending paralysis
* Areflexia
60
What treatments are available for Guillain-Barré Syndrome?
* IVIG
* Plasmapheresis
61
What are common signs/symptoms of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?
* Lower abdominal pain
* Fever
* Cervical motion tenderness
62
What is the primary treatment for PID?
Antibiotics.
63
What is the usual cause of Pelvic Inflammatory Disease?
Usually STI (Chlamydia/Gonorrhea).
64
Define Primary Endocrine dysfunction.
Gland dysfunction (e.g., thyroid).
65
What is Secondary Endocrine dysfunction?
Pituitary problem.
66
What is Tertiary Endocrine dysfunction?
Hypothalamic issue.
67
Describe the sequence of an Embolic Stroke.
Clot travels → blocks cerebral artery → ↓ blood flow → ischemia → cell death → symptoms (e.g., hemiplegia).
68
What are the functions of Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)?
* Cushions brain
* Removes waste
* Circulates nutrients
69
Where is Cerebrospinal Fluid produced?
Choroid plexus.
70
What are signs/symptoms of SIADH?
* Hyponatremia(low sodium in blood)
* Low urine output
* Confusion
Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion
71
What are common causes of SIADH?
* Tumors
* CNS injury
72
What treatments are available for SIADH?
* Fluid restriction
* Salt tabs
* Demeclocycline ( inhibitor of vasopressin )
( Syndrome of Inappropriate Antiduretic Hormone ) ( too much adh mis made )
73
What are signs/symptoms of Compartment Syndrome?
*pain out of proportion
* Paresthesia ( tingling or numbness )
* Pulselessness
* Pallor ( pale skin )
* Paralysis
( condition where increased pressure within a muscle compartment compromises blood flow)
74
What is the treatment for Compartment Syndrome?
Fasciotomy.
surgical procedure where incisions are made through the fascia, a tough connective tissue surrounding muscles, to relieve pressure and improve blood flow.
75
What are signs/symptoms of Scleroderma?
* Skin thickening
* Raynaud’s
* Organ fibrosis
76
What treatments are available for Scleroderma?
* Immunosuppressants
* Symptom management
The body attaches its own tissues. Chronic autoimmune disease. Leads to inflammation and fibrosis .
77
What does the ABO blood type system include?
ABO system + Rh (positive or negative).
78
Why is blood type and Rh factor important?
Important in transfusions and pregnancy (Rh incompatibility → hemolytic disease of newborn).
79
What are signs/symptoms of Meningitis?
* Fever
* Stiff neck
* Photophobia
* Headache
80
What are the causes of Meningitis?
* Viral
* Bacterial (bacterial is more severe)
81
What is the treatment for bacterial Meningitis?
Antibiotics (bacterial), antivirals (viral).
82
What are signs/symptoms of DIC (Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation)?
Bleeding + clotting simultaneously.
83
What are common causes of DIC?
* Sepsis
* Trauma
84
What is the treatment for DIC?
* Address cause
* Blood products
* Heparin in some cases
85
What are common ear problems?
* Otitis media (middle ear infection): pain, fever
* Otitis externa ("swimmer’s ear"): outer ear pain
* Tinnitus
* Hearing loss
86
What are common eye problems?
* Conjunctivitis: red, itchy eyes
* Cataracts: cloudy lens
* Glaucoma: ↑ intraocular pressure → vision loss
* Macular degeneration: central vision loss
87
What is the function of the Nucleus in a cell?
Contains DNA.
88
What is the function of Mitochondria in a cell?
Energy production.
89
What does the Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) do?
* Protein (rough) synthesis
* Lipid (smooth) synthesis
90
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
Packages proteins.
91
What is the function of Lysosomes?
Digestion.
92
What is Metabolic Syndrome characterized by?
* ↑ BP
* ↑ Glucose
* ↑ Triglycerides
* ↓ HDL
* Abdominal obesity
93
What does Metabolic Syndrome increase the risk of?
Diabetes, heart disease.
94
What should you be familiar with in Anatomy?
Study basic organs, systems (e.g., heart, brain, kidneys).
95
What types of Incontinence exist?
* Stress: with coughing/sneezing
* Urge: sudden, intense urge
* Overflow: incomplete emptying
* Functional: physical/cognitive impairment
96
What are the signs and symptoms of UTIs?
Burning urination, frequency, urgency, cloudy urine
## Footnote
Common in females; E. coli most common.
97
What is the primary treatment for UTIs?
Antibiotics
98
What is the most common sign of testicular cancer?
Painless testicular mass
99
What are the treatments for testicular cancer?
Orchiectomy, chemotherapy
100
What is the prognosis for testicular cancer if caught early?
Good
101
What conditions are included under Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)?
Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis
102
What are the treatments for Inflammatory Bowel Disease?
Anti-inflammatories, immunosuppressants, surgery if needed
103
What are the signs and symptoms of Ulcerative Colitis?
Bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain, urgency
104
What are the treatments for Ulcerative Colitis?
Aminosalicylates, corticosteroids, colectomy in severe cases
105
What part of the body does Ulcerative Colitis primarily affect?
Colon/rectum
106
What type of muscle tissue is skeletal muscle?
Voluntary, striated muscles
107
What type of muscle tissue is smooth muscle?
Involuntary muscles
108
What type of muscle tissue is cardiac muscle?
Involuntary striated muscles
109
What are osteoblasts?
Bone building cells
110
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells that maintain the bony matrix
111
What are osteoclasts?
Bone chewing cells that reabsorb bone
112
What is the role of parathyroid hormone (PTH)?
Regulator of calcium and phosphate levels; increases bone resorption and decreases bone formation
113
What does calcitonin do?
Inhibits the release of calcium from bone; decreases bone resorption
114
What is ossification?
Formation of osteoid/prebone
115
What is calcification?
Deposition of calcium salts into tissue
116
What is kyphosis?
Increase in curvature of the thoracic spine outward
117
What conditions can kyphosis impair?
Lung expansion and ventilation
118
What usually develops secondary to osteoporosis or arthritis?
Kyphosis
119
What is scoliosis?
Lateral deviation of the spine
120
What is lordosis?
Exaggerated concave of lumbar spine
121
What is a contusion?
Injury to soft tissue that results from direct trauma
122
What is a laceration?
Injury in which the skin is torn or continuity is disrupted
123
What is a hematoma?
Large area of focal hemorrhage
124
What is the definition of Osteoarthritis (OA)?
Progressive, degenerative joint disease due to cartilage breakdown.
125
What are the common etiological factors for Osteoarthritis?
* Aging
* Obesity
* Joint trauma
* Repetitive stress
126
What are the primary pathological features of Osteoarthritis?
* Loss of articular cartilage
* Subchondral bone sclerosis
* Osteophyte (bone spur) formation
127
What are the key signs and symptoms of Osteoarthritis?
* Joint pain worsened by activity, relieved by rest
* Morning stiffness (<30 minutes)
* Crepitus with movement
* Bony enlargements: Heberden's nodes (DIP), Bouchard’s nodes (PIP)
128
Which joints are commonly affected by Osteoarthritis?
* Knees
* Hips
* Spine
* Hands
129
What are the main treatment options for Osteoarthritis?
* NSAIDs, acetaminophen
* Physical therapy
* Weight loss
* Joint replacement (advanced disease)
130
True or False: Osteoarthritis is inflammatory and symmetric.
False
131
What is the definition of Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA)?
Chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease primarily affecting synovial joints.
132
What is the pathophysiology of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
Autoimmune attack on synovium → pannus formation → joint destruction.
133
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
* Symmetrical joint pain and swelling (small joints first)
* Prolonged morning stiffness (>1 hour)
* Systemic symptoms: fatigue, weight loss, low-grade fever
* Joint deformities: ulnar deviation, swan-neck, boutonnière deformities
134
What laboratory findings are indicative of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
* ↑ ESR and CRP
* Positive RF (rheumatoid factor) and anti-CCP antibodies
135
What are the first-line treatments for Rheumatoid Arthritis?
* DMARDs (methotrexate is first-line)
* Biologics (e.g., TNF inhibitors)
* NSAIDs/steroids for symptom control
136
What are the potential complications of Rheumatoid Arthritis?
* Rheumatoid nodules
* Vasculitis ( blood vessels become inflamed )
* Pulmonary fibrosis ( scar tissue on lungs )
137
What is the definition of Gout?
Inflammatory arthritis due to uric acid crystal deposition in joints.
138
What are the common etiological factors for Gout?
* Purine-rich diet ( converted to uric acid in body , organ meats , red meats ( beef lamb pork ) , shellfish
* Alcohol
* Diuretics ( medications that increase urine production )
* Renal insufficiency ( body can’t properly filter waste and excess fluid )
139
What is the pathophysiology of Gout?
Hyperuricemia → monosodium urate crystals → inflammation.
140
What are the signs and symptoms of Gout?
* Sudden, severe joint pain (usually at night)
* Red, hot, swollen joint—classically 1st MTP (podagra)
* Tophi (chronic cases) ( deposits of uric acid that accumulate in joints due to hyperuicemia ) firm painless bumps
141
What is the diagnostic method for Gout?
Joint aspiration: negatively birefringent needle-shaped crystals.
142
What are the acute treatment options for Gout?
* NSAIDs (indomethacin)
* Colchicine
* Steroids
143
What is the definition of Osteoporosis?
Decreased bone mass and density, increasing fracture risk.
144
What are the common etiological factors for Osteoporosis?
* Postmenopausal estrogen deficiency
* Aging
* Long-term steroid use
145
What is the pathophysiology of Osteoporosis?
Imbalance between osteoclast (resorption) and osteoblast (formation) activity.
146
What are the signs and symptoms of Osteoporosis?
* Asymptomatic until fracture
* Common fracture sites: vertebrae (compression), hip, wrist
* Kyphosis ('dowager’s hump'), loss of height
147
What is the diagnostic tool for Osteoporosis?
DEXA scan (T-score ≤ -2.5).
148
What are the main treatment options for Osteoporosis?
* Bisphosphonates (alendronate)
* Calcium + vitamin D
* Weight-bearing exercise
* Hormone replacement (in select cases)
149
What is the definition of Psoriasis?
Chronic, autoimmune skin disorder with rapid epidermal turnover.
150
What is the pathophysiology of Psoriasis?
T-cell mediated immune response leads to keratinocyte proliferation.
151
What are the characteristic signs and symptoms of Psoriasis?
* Well-demarcated, erythematous plaques with silvery scales
* Locations: elbows, knees, scalp, lumbosacral area
* Auspitz sign: pinpoint bleeding when scale is removed
* Nail pitting, onycholysis
152
What are the types of Psoriasis?
* Plaque ( most common , patches of plaque covered with silvery scales )
* Guttate ( appears after a sore throat , caused by streptococcal infection , presents as a small red drop shaped scaly spots )
* Inverse ( appears in skin fold like armpit , groin and under the breasts causing smooth shiny red patches
* Pustular ( pus filled bumps on top of red inflamed skin )
* Erythrodermic (a severe type that affects a large area causing widespread redness , scaling and shedding )
153
What are the treatment options for Psoriasis?
* Topical steroids, vitamin D analogs (calcipotriene)
* Phototherapy (UVB)
* Systemic: methotrexate, biologics (e.g., TNF-alpha inhibitors)
154
What is the definition of Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)?
Chronic, pruritic inflammatory skin disorder associated with atopy.
155
What is the pathophysiology of Eczema?
Skin barrier dysfunction and immune hyperresponsiveness.
156
What are the signs and symptoms of Eczema?
* Dry, itchy, red skin
* Infants: face, scalp
* Children/adults: flexural areas (elbows, knees)
* Complications: Lichenification, secondary infections
157
What are the main treatment options for Eczema?
* Emollients (first-line)
* Topical corticosteroids
* Antihistamines for itching
* Avoid triggers (allergens, soaps)
158
What is the definition of Contact Dermatitis?
Inflammatory skin reaction to external substance.
159
What are the types of Contact Dermatitis?
* Irritant: direct chemical damage (soaps, acids)
* Allergic: delayed hypersensitivity (nickel, poison ivy)
160
What are the signs and symptoms of Contact Dermatitis?
* Itchy, erythematous rash in affected area
* May have vesicles or crusts.
161
What are the treatment options for Contact Dermatitis?
* Avoidance of trigger
* Topical corticosteroids
* Antihistamines if severe itching
162
What is the definition of Tinea (Dermatophytosis)?
Superficial fungal infections caused by dermatophytes.
163
What are the types of Tinea and their locations?
* Tinea capitis – scalp
* Tinea corporis – body (ringworm)
* Tinea pedis – feet (athlete’s foot)
* Tinea cruris – groin (jock itch)
* Tinea unguium – nails (onychomycosis)
164
What are the signs and symptoms of Tinea?
* Annular lesions with central clearing
* Itching, scaling, cracking
165
What is the diagnostic method for Tinea?
KOH prep shows septate hyphae.
166
What are the treatment options for Tinea?
* Topical antifungals (clotrimazole)
* Oral antifungals (terbinafine, griseofulvin) for scalp/nails
167
What is the definition of Melanoma?
Malignant tumor of melanocytes.
168
What are the risk factors for Melanoma?
* UV exposure
* Fair skin
* Family history
* Dysplastic nevi
169
What are the signs of Melanoma according to the ABCDE rule?
* Asymmetry
* Border irregularity
* Color variation
* Diameter >6mm
* Evolution
170
What are the types of Melanoma?
* Superficial spreading (most common)
* Nodular
* Lentigo maligna
* Acral lentiginous
171
What is the diagnostic method for Melanoma?
Full-thickness excisional biopsy.
172
What are the treatment options for Melanoma?
* Surgical excision with clear margins
* Immunotherapy or targeted therapy for metastasis
173
What is a prognostic factor for Melanoma?
Breslow depth (tumor thickness).
174
What is the definition of Paget Disease?
Chronic bone disorder with abnormal bone remodeling.
175
What are the common sites affected by Paget Disease?
* Skull
* Pelvis
* Spine
* Femur
* Tibia
176
What are the signs and symptoms of Paget Disease?
* Bone pain
* Deformities (bowing of limbs)
* Enlarged skull (hat doesn't fit)
* Hearing loss (cranial nerve involvement)
* Fractures
177
What are the diagnostic methods for Paget Disease?
* Elevated ALP (alkaline phosphatase)
* X-rays: lytic and sclerotic lesions
* Bone scan
178
What are the treatment options for Paget Disease?
* Bisphosphonates (alendronate)
* Calcitonin
* Pain management
179
What are the types of brain tumors?
* Gliomas (astrocytomas, glioblastomas)
* Meningiomas
* Pituitary adenomas
* Schwannomas
* Medulloblastomas
180
What are the common signs and symptoms of brain tumors?
* Headache (worse in AM)
* Nausea, vomiting
* Seizures
* Vision/hearing changes
* Cognitive/behavioral changes
181
What are the preferred diagnostic methods for brain tumors?
* MRI (preferred imaging)
* CT scan
* Biopsy
182
What are the treatment options for brain tumors?
* Surgery (preferred for accessible tumors)
* Radiation
* Chemotherapy
* Steroids (reduce swelling)
183
What are the types of fractures?
* Transverse
* Oblique
* Spiral
* Comminuted
* Greenstick
* Compound (open)
* Simple (closed)
184
What are the common signs and symptoms of fractures?
* Pain
* Swelling
* Bruising
* Deformity
* Limited mobility
* Crepitus
185
What is the primary diagnostic tool for fractures?
X-ray (primary tool).
186
What are the treatment options for fractures?
* Immobilization (cast, splint)
* Reduction (closed or open)
* Surgery (ORIF)
* Pain management
* Physical therapy
187
Types of lesions
Macules: Flat, discolored areas of skin, such as freckles or birthmarks.
Patches: Larger, flat, discolored areas of skin, like in vitiligo.
Papules: Raised, solid bumps, often associated with acne or dermatitis.
Nodules: Larger, solid, raised bumps, sometimes indicating cysts or other underlying issues.
Plaques: Rough, thick, raised areas of skin, often seen in psoriasis.
Vesicles: Small, fluid-filled blisters, like those seen in herpes simplex or chickenpox.
Bullae: Larger, fluid-filled blisters.
Pustules: Pus-filled, elevated lesions, often associated with acne.
Wheals: Raised, red or skin-colored welts, like hives.
Ulcers: Open sores that don't heal.
Crusts: Scabs that form as the skin heals.
Scales: Flakes of dead skin cells.
188
What are examples of primary and secondary skin lesions?
* Actinic keratosis (precancerous)
* Basal cell carcinoma (pearly papule)
* Squamous cell carcinoma (ulcerated lesion)
* Melanoma (ABCDE rule)
189
What are the diagnostic methods for skin lesions?
* Visual inspection
* Dermatoscopy
* Biopsy
190
What are the treatment options for skin lesions?
* Cryotherapy
* Excision
* Topical treatments
* Mohs surgery (for facial lesions)
191
What are the types of fungal infections?
* Tinea corporis (body)
* Tinea capitis (scalp)
* Tinea pedis (athlete’s foot)
* Tinea cruris (groin)
* Onychomycosis (nails)
* Candidiasis (mouth, vagina, skin folds)
192
What are the signs and symptoms of fungal infections?
* Red, scaly patches
* Itching, burning
* White patches (oral thrush)
* Thickened, brittle nails
193
What are the diagnostic methods for fungal infections?
* KOH prep (microscopy)
* Fungal culture
194
What are the treatment options for fungal infections?
* Topical antifungals (clotrimazole, terbinafine)
* Oral antifungals (fluconazole, griseofulvin for hair/nails)
* Keep area dry and clean
195
Heberden’s vs. Bouchard nodes
Tiny growths that develope from osteoarthritis
Heberdens nodes appear on the distal interphalangeal joint ( the joint closest to the fingertip ) Bouchard nodes appear on the proximal interphalangeal joint towards the middle of the finger.
