✅Patho-Heart Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
Natriuretic peptide in the ventricles
A
Type B and C
2
Q
Sound that corresponds to the closure of the semilunar valves
A
S2
3
Q
S3 is due to
A
Sudden rush of blood in overloaded ventricles
4
Q
s3 is physiologic in
A
Children and young adults
5
Q
S3 is pathologic for people
A
40 and above
6
Q
S4 is due to
A
Noncompliant ventricles
7
Q
Heart sounds that is always pathologic
A
S4
8
Q
Earliest symptom in left sided heart failure
A
Dyspnea
9
Q
Perihilar congestion in Left sided HF
A
Bat wing configuration
10
Q
Prominent heart sound in left sided heart failure
A
Prominent left sided S3
11
Q
Nutmeg liver is found in
A
R sided HF
12
Q
Causes of high output failure
A
Beriberi
Anemia
Hyperthyroidism
AV Fistula
13
Q
Most important in determining the severity of TOF
A
Pulmonic stenosis
14
Q
Percent of all childbirths with Congenital heart disease
A
1%
15
Q
Most common genetic risk for CHD
A
Down syndrome
16
Q
Most common cyanotic CHD
A
TOF
17
Q
2 forms of TOF
A
As determined by the degree of subpulmonic stenosis
Mild form - Pink TOF
Sever form - Classic TOF
18
Q
TGA is associated with offsprings of
A
Diabetic mothers
19
Q
Cyanotic heart disease with VSD as primary shunts
A
Truncus 1
Tetralogy 4
TGA but only 35 percent
20
Q
ASD/PFO/ PDA shunt in cyanotic heart diseases
A
TGA but have vsd in 35 %
Tricuspid atresia 3
TAPVR 5
21
Q
Most common variant of TAPVR
A
Supracardiac variant that drains to brachiocephalic vein
22
Q
ASD associated with downs
A
Primum
23
Q
3 types of ASD
A
Secundum 90%
Primum 5%
Sinus venosus 5%
24
Q
Most common adult CHD
A
ASD
25
Most common CHD
VSD
26
Multiple VSDs maye be seen in the _______ and is called
Muscular septum
| Swiss cheese septum
27
Types of VSD
Which one is most common?
Membranous 90%
Infundibular
Ventricular septum
28
Percentage of VSDs that will close spontaneously
50
29
Surgicl correction of VSD should be done at
1 year of age
30
2 forms of AVSD
Partial
| Complete
31
2 types of coarctation of the aorta
Infantile
| Adult
32
Turner's syndrome is associated with which CHD
Infantile coarctation of the aorta
33
CHD in congenital rubella syndrome
PDA
34
Cardiac defects in marfan
MVP
| Aortic dissection
35
Prinzmetal angina is caused by
Vasoconstriction due to TXA2 or increased endothelin
36
Other name for unstable angina
CRESCENDO angina
37
Primary pharmacologic drug for prinzmetal angina
CCB
38
Sudden cardiac death is defined as
Death within 1 hr of cardiac symptoms
39
Sudden cardiac death is due to
Arrythmia
40
Sudden cardiac death usually occurs at what time of the day
Early morning (highest level of stress hormones)
41
Inherited long QT syndrome that can cause sudden cardiac death
Romano ward syndrome
42
What medications are contraindicated in
Inferior wall MI
43
Pain med usually given in MI
Morphine
44
Types of MI
Q wave infarction/ST elevation
| Non Q wave infarction/ ST depression
45
Heart layers involved in ST elevation MI
Transmural
46
Heart layers involved in st depression MI
Subendocardial/partial thickness
47
MI affects which top 3 blood vessels
LAD
RCA
LCX
48
Gross changes in MI
Mottling 4 hrs
Bright yellow 1 week
Surrounding red granulation tissue 2 weeks
Gray white scar 2 months
49
Coagulation necrosis in MI happen in how many hrs?
4-12 hrs
50
Changes during coag necrosis in MI
Wavy fibers
| Myctolysis
51
Gross changes in MI can be seen after
12 hrs
52
Acute inflammation (neutrophils is most prominent at
Day 1-day 3
53
Macrophage invasion and the day where the heart is softest is on
Day 3
54
Granulation tissue in MI can be seen in
1-2 weeks
55
What time frame are the ff events in MI reperfusion seen?
Completely salvageable
Partially salvageable
No reduction in MI size
Before 20 mins
3-6 hrs after
More than 6 hrs
56
Myocardial rupture in MI usually happens to those with
Virgin MI
57
What drugs are given in MI to affect ventricular remodeling?
Ace inhibitors
58
Secondary form of pericarditis that occurs after MI
Dressler syndrome
59
Triad of dressler's syndrome
Fever
Pleuritic pain
Pericarditis/pericardial effusion
60
Cardiac enzyme that can diagnose reinfarction
CKMB
61
Weight of the heart
300-350g (50g less in females)
62
Failure to open completely and prevents forward flow
Stenosis
63
Failure to close completely and allows reversed flow
Regurgitation
64
Opening snap, RHD, diastolic rumble, AF, accentuated S2, diastolic rumble
Mitral stenosis
65
Murmur associated with pulmonary regurgitation? Aortic regurgitation?
Graham steel murmur
Austin flint murmur
66
Pulsating nail bed with elevation of the nail
Quincke's pulse
67
Systolic pulsation of the uvula
Mueller's sign
68
Femoral retrograde bruits
Durosier's sign
69
Pistol shot femorals
Traube's sign
70
BP LE> BP UE
Hill's sign
71
Onset of symptoms in RF after infection
2-3 weeks
72
Major manifestations in Jones criteria
```
Migratory polyarthritis
Carditis
Subcutaneous nodules
Erythema marginatum
Sydenham chorea
```
73
Minor manifestations in RF
Fever, arthralgia, elevated acute phase reactants
74
What valvular disease is seen in RF as compared to RHD?
Rf mitral regurgitation
| Rhd mitral stenosis
75
Dx of RF based on criteria
2 major
| 1 major 2 minor
76
Morphology of RF and RHD
Aschoff bodies found in ALL layers
| Anitschow cells
77
What are anitschow cells
Macrophages or histiocytes containing abundant cytoplasm, round nuclei with slender, wavy ribbons of chromatin found in RHD
78
Irregular thickenings of the endocardium in RHD
Maccallum plaques
79
Usual bacteria in IE
S viridans
80
Etiology of IE in IV drug users
S aureus
81
Etiology of IE in people with prosthetic cardiac valves
S epidermidis
82
Etiology of IE in people with GI or GU surgery
S bovis
83
Most common sx in IE
Fever
84
Most common lab finding in IE
Anemia
85
Other name for nonbacterial theombotic endocarditis
Marantic endocarditis
86
Septic emboli that lodged in extremities in IE. Painless
Janeway lesions
87
Findings in IE
Bacteria FROM JANE
```
Fever
Roth spots
Osler nodes
Murmur
Janeway lesions
Anemia
Nail bed hemorrhage
Emboli
```
88
vegetation assoc with SLE
Libman sacks disease
89
Vegetation in libman sacks may contain
Hematoxylin bodies
90
Small warty vegetations along the lines of closure of valve leaflets usually assoc with
Rhd
91
Large irregular masses on valve cusps that can extend to the chordaw is found in
IE
92
Cardiomyopathy is diagnosed using a
Bioptome
93
Causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
Abcccd
```
Alcohol
Beriberi
Chagas
Coxsackie B
Cocoaine
Doxorubicin
```
94
Most common infectious cause of myocarditis
Coxsackie B
95
Transient apical ballooning usually stress induced also known as gebrochenes herz syndrome
Takotsubo cardiomyopathy
96
Microbes involved in myocarditis
Coxsackieviruses
T. Cruzi
Borrelia burgderfori
97
Define electrical alternans
QRS complexes alternate in amplitude
98
Most common finding in cardiac tamponade
Pulsus paradoxus - drop in BP of 15mmHG with inhalation
99
What are the ecg changes seen in pericarditis
Diffuse ST elevation of all leads except AVR AVF V1
| PR depression
100
A type of chronic pericarditis that follows suppurative or caseous pericarditis, previous cardiac surgery or irradiation to the mediastinum.
Adhsive mediastinopericarditis
101
Most common heart tumor
Metastasis
102
Most common primary heart tumor in children
Rhabdomyosarcoma
103
Most common site of metastasis in the heart
Pericardium
