Pathology 1

Question 1

is focal or diffuse GN more common?

Answer 1

diffuse

Question 2

pyelonephritis is an infection most commonly caused by which organism?

Answer 2

e. coli (bacteria)

Question 3

what structures of the kidney are infected in pyelo?

Answer 3

renal pelvis
calyces
tubules
interstitium

Question 4

what other organisms can less commonly cause pyelo?

Answer 4

pseudomonas

strep faecalis

Question 5

pyelonephritis usually presents with what other condition and why?

Answer 5

cystitis; is an ascending infection

Question 6

causes of pyelonephritis

Answer 6

UTI
septicaemia
post surgery
anatomical problems

Question 7

risk factors for UTI?

Answer 7

pregnancy (dilated ureters = stasis of urine)
being female
obstruction
congenital abnormalities eg duplex ureter
diabetes

Question 8

what is vesico-ureteric reflux?

Answer 8

a congenital abnormality; bacteria contracts during micturation but insufficient valves cause reflux of urine back up the ureters

Question 9

appearance of a kidney with acute pyelonephritis on histology?

Answer 9

many neutrophils in renal tubules

Question 10

what would you suspect in a patient with hypertension, produces a large volume of urine with vague symptoms?

Answer 10

chronic pyelonephritis

Question 11

appearance of chronic pyelo on imaging?

Answer 11

coarse cortical scarring

distortion of calyces

Question 12

infants cannot get chronic pyelonephritis T or F?

Answer 12

F

Question 13

if a kidney appears blue in areas on histology, what could this be?

Answer 13

inflammatory cells

Question 14

how do you get urinary tract TB?

Answer 14

haematogenous spread from another area (usually lungs)

Question 15

symptoms of urinary tract TB?

Answer 15

vague symptoms eg weight loss, fever, loin pain

Question 16

what does the urine look like? does it contain any bacteria (if so, what)?

Answer 16

pus in urine with NO organisms

Question 17

what does a kidney with TB look like?

Answer 17

slow caseous (cheesy) appearance
renal destruction

Question 18

what kind of inflammation does TB cause?

Answer 18

granulomatous

Question 19

what stain should be used to look at mycobacterium TB

Answer 19

zeehl-neilsen stain

Question 20

4 main bacterial causes of cystitis?

Answer 20

e.coli
klebsiella
proteus
pseudomonas

Question 21

what kind of inflammation does cystitis cause?

Answer 21

acute but can become necrotising

Question 22

appearance of cystitis on histology?

Answer 22

cystitis cystica - large fluid filled cysts projecting into lumen

Question 23

what tropical disease is a predisposing cause of urothelial malignancy? what kind of cancer does it cause?

Answer 23

schistosomiasis

squamous cell carcinoma

Question 24

urethral obstruction is usually only found in which gender?

Answer 24

men

Question 25

what can cause prolonged bladder outlet obstruction?

Answer 25

hypertrophy of detrusor muscle (working harder to get urine out)

Question 26

what can cause urethral obstruction?

Answer 26

structure posterior urethral valves prostatic disease

Question 27

main histological finding in hydronephrosis?

Answer 27

parenchymal atrophy

Question 28

name the 2 main causes of hydronephrosis

Answer 28

urinary tract obstruction | reflux

Question 29

there is dilatation of the ___ system of the kidney in hydronephrosis

Answer 29

pelvicalyceal

Question 30

name causes of hydronephrosis that cause bilaterally affected kidneys?

Answer 30

urethral or ureteric obstruction eg by cancer | VUR

Question 31

name causes of hydronephrosis that cause a unilaterally affected kidney

Answer 31

calculi neoplasm pelviureteric obstruction strictures

Question 32

hydronephrosis can develop into...

Answer 32

pyelonephrosis

Question 33

if the hydronephrosis is sudden and complete with oliguria, what is it unlikely cause?

Answer 33

pelvicalyceal dilatation

Question 34

gradual and partial onset of hydronephrosis indicates what cause?

Answer 34

pelvicalyceal dilatation

Question 35

where is the prostate situated in relation to the bladder?

Answer 35

around the bladder neck

Question 36

what does a pathological bladder look like?

Answer 36

thickened wall hypertrophic/dilated criss/crossing of detrusor muscle