Pathology Tutorial

Question 1

what effect does amyloid have on BVs?

Answer 1

binds to capillary walls and makes BVs more leaky

Question 2

cause of “apple green birefringence” on a congo red stain?

Answer 2

amyloid

Question 3

what is amyloid?

Answer 3

derivative of abnormal plasma proteins

Question 4

causes of amyloid?

Answer 4

renal failure
bronchiectasis
rheumatological disease eg lupus

Question 5

how can diabetes affect the kidney?

Answer 5

causes nephrotic syndrome
hypertension
hypertrophy
hyperfiltration
pyelonephritis
renal artery involvement -> ischaemia
renal papillary necrosis

Question 6

mural thickening on histology is caused by…

Answer 6

changes in glomerular capillaries eg cellular proliferation

Question 7

nodular glomerulosclerosis is present in…

Answer 7

diabetic nephropathy

Question 8

white/yellow deposits around the calyces and renal pyramids…

Answer 8

renal papillary necrosis

Question 9

outline the components of the POSTCARDS mnemonic for causes of renal papillary necrosis

Answer 9

pyelonephritis
obstruction
sickle cell
TB
cirrhosis
abuse (alcohol and analgesics)
renal vein thrombosis
diabetes
systemic vasculitis

Question 10

symptoms of renal papillary necrosis

Answer 10

loin pain
haematuria
fever
chills

Question 11

what is the name of a cellular mass in bowman’s capsule that can compress the glomerulus and cause damage?

Answer 11

cellular crescent

Question 12

when is a renal biopsy done?

Answer 12

assess for transplant rejection

make a diagnosis

Question 13

pale cells on biopsy of a renal tumour indicates what type of tumour?

Answer 13

clear cell carcinoma

Question 14

causative organisms of pyelonephritis?

Answer 14

e coli
enterobacter
proteus
pseudomonas

Question 15

antibiotic given in primary care for pyelo?

Answer 15

co-amoxiclav

co-trimoxazole

Question 16

antibiotic given in hospital for pyelo?

Answer 16

amoxicillin or cotrimoxazole PLUS gentamicin

Question 17

complications of pyelo?

Answer 17

AKI
sepsis
cortical scarring
abscess formation

Question 18

what do mesangial cells do?

Answer 18

provide support to capillaries and regulate blood flow by controlling their contractile status

Question 19

what do podocytes do?

Answer 19

pack together to prevent passage of protein

Question 20

where is the damage in nephrotic syndrome from GN?

Answer 20

podocytes

capillaries

Question 21

what GN can be caused by haematological cancers?

Answer 21

minimal change

Question 22

what will a child with minimal change nephropathy’s urinalysis look like?

Answer 22

protein +++

Question 23

what is the only form of investigation that minimal change nephropathy will show up on?

Answer 23

electron microscope

Question 24

what 2 forms of GN do not show up on immunofluroescence?

Answer 24

minimal change

FSGS

Question 25

HIV/IVDU is a risk factor for what type of GN?

Answer 25

FSGS

Question 26

what type of GN will show areas of mesangial collapse and sclerosis on light microscopy?

Answer 26

FSGS

Question 27

what types of GN will show up on light microscopy

Answer 27

all except minimal change

Question 28

main pathological process to the glomerulus in FSGS?

Answer 28

podocyte process fusion

Question 29

what type of GN will show up with "spikes" on silver stain

Answer 29

membranous

Question 30

which types of GN are proliferative?

Answer 30

membranoproliferative RPGN IgA

Question 31

what is deposited in the membrane in membranous GN?

Answer 31

C3 | IgG

Question 32

presentation of membranoproliferative GN?

Answer 32

mixed nephrotic and nephritic syndrome

Question 33

what is deposited in the membrane in membranoproliferative GN?

Answer 33

C3

Question 34

what type of GN presents with a "tram track" GBM

Answer 34

membranoproliferative

Question 35

membranoproliferative GN affects what cells?

Answer 35

mesangial cells

Question 36

infection where can cause IgA nephropathy?

Answer 36

URTI | gastroenteritis

Question 37

where is IgA deposited in IgA nephropathy?

Answer 37

mesangial ells

Question 38

what other than IgA is deposited in the mesangial cells in IgA nephropathy?

Answer 38

C3

Question 39

causes of RPGN

Answer 39

vasculitis eg MPA or GPA lupus henoch schonlein purpura goodpastures

Question 40

what antibody is present in goodpastures?

Answer 40

anti-GBM

Question 41

presentation of RPGN?

Answer 41

AKI haematuria systemic illness

Question 42

appearance of RPGN on light microscopy?

Answer 42

crescents around glomerulus | necrosis

Question 43

pANCA deposits on immunofluroscence of RPGN indicates....

Answer 43

MPA

Question 44

anti-GBM antibodies affect what type of collagen?

Answer 44

type 4

Question 45

presentation of RPGN from goodpastures

Answer 45

AKI haematuria HAEMOPTYSIS

Question 46

what antibody is deposited in the BM in goodpastures?

Answer 46

IgG

Question 47

cannon-ball mets on CXR indicates?

Answer 47

renal cell carcinoma

Question 48

most common type of RCC?

Answer 48

clear cell

Question 49

2nd most common type of RCC?

Answer 49

`papillary

Question 50

what type of RCC presents with elongated papillae with foamy cells?

Answer 50

papillary

Question 51

which type of RCC presents with atypical nuclei resembling raisins on histology?

Answer 51

chromophobe

Question 52

most aggressive type of RCC?

Answer 52

collecting duct

Question 53

is an oncocytoma benign or malignant?

Answer 53

benign

Question 54

which renal tumour presents with a central scar?

Answer 54

oncocytoma

Question 55

SCC of bladder is caused by....

Answer 55

schistosomiasis stones catheter long term

Question 56

SCC affects the whole urinary tract T or F

Answer 56

F, only affects epithelial lining of bladder

Question 57

Tx of superifcial bladder cancer?

Answer 57

TURBT (transurethral resection) | local diathermy

Question 58

Tx of invasive bladder cancer into detrusor/

Answer 58

radical cystectomy