pathology of pituitary and adrenal gland

Question 1

what is another name for the anterior pituitary

Answer 1

adenohypophysis

Question 2

what does nerohypophysis also mean

Answer 2

posterior pituitary (because posterior pituitary hormones are transported via neurones)

Question 3

which, anterior or posterior is derived from Rathkes pouch?

Answer 3

anterior

Question 4

what hormones (6) does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 4

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH, Prolactin and GH

Question 5

What 2 homones does the posterior pituitarty secrete?

Answer 5

ADH and Oxytocin

Question 6

what is the posterior pituitary made from?

Answer 6

extension of neural tissue- glial cells and axonal processes

Question 7

what histological features make up the anterior pituitary

Answer 7

acidophils, basophils, chromophobe

Question 8

what is contained histologically within the posterior pituitary

Answer 8

non myelinated axons of neurosecretory neurons

Question 9

where does a pituitary adenoma most commonly arise, anterior or posterior?

Answer 9

posterior

Question 10

what 2 ways can you likely get pituitary ademnoma

Answer 10

sporadic or MEN1

Question 11

what are the most common adenomas caused by hormones?

Answer 11

prolactinoma

Question 12

what can large adenomas effect?

Answer 12

visual field, pressure atrophy of surrounding tissue, infarction can lead to panhypopituitarism

Question 13

what features are present in prolactinoma

Answer 13

infertility, libido lack, amenorrhoea,

Question 14

what is the second most hormone assoc adenoma?

Answer 14

growth hormone

Question 15

what causes an increase in IGF?

Answer 15

growth hormone

Question 16

what can ACTH secreting tumours cause?

Answer 16

cushings, microadenoma, bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia

Question 17

what is the most common form of pituitary hypofunction

Answer 17

panhypopituitarism

Question 18

what is a craniopharyngioma derived from

Answer 18

remnants of rathkes pouch

Question 19

when do people most commonly get craniopharyngiomas

Answer 19

5-15yo, 60-70yo

Question 20

what are common symptoms with craniopharyngioma

Answer 20

headaches and visual disturbances

Question 21

What are the 2 most common posterior pituitary syndromes

Answer 21

diabetes insipidus and SIADH

Question 22

why is diabetes insidious caused

Answer 22

ADH deficiency, trauma, tumours

Question 23

what causes SIADH

Answer 23

ectopic ADH production

Question 24

What are the two parts to the adrenal gland

Answer 24

medulla and cortex

Question 25

what are the 3 zones of the adrenal gland cortex

Answer 25

zona glomerulosa, fasciculata and reticularis

Question 26

what does the bona glomerulosa produce

Answer 26

mineralocorticoids and aldosterone

Question 27

what does the fasciculata contain

Answer 27

glucocorticoids and cortisol

Question 28

what does the reticularis contain

Answer 28

sex steroids and glucocorticoids

Question 29

what are the main cells in the adrenal medulla

Answer 29

chromatin cells which secrete catecholamines

Question 30

adrenocorticol pathology can be hyper or hypo function. Name some causes of each

Answer 30

hyper- hyperplasia, adenoma, carcinoma, hypo- waterloos friderichsen or Addisons disease

Question 31

true or false, adrenocortical hyperplasia can be congenital or aquired

Answer 31

true- both

Question 32

what signs can be for adrenocortical hyperplasia

Answer 32

masculine features,

Question 33

are adrenocortical carcinomas and adenomas similar?

Answer 33

yes- carcinoma is rare and malignant

Question 34

what are some features suggesting adrenocortical carcinoma

Answer 34

size, haemorrhage and necrosis, mitosis, lack of clear cels or capsular invasion

Question 35

what are some causes of hyper secretion of adrenocortical hormones

Answer 35

hyperaldosterone- conns, adenoma, | hypercortisolism- cushings,

Question 36

what are some causes of adrenocortical insufficinecy

Answer 36

withdrawal of steroids, haemorrhage, Addisons, adrenalitis, infections and metastatic malignancy

Question 37

How does Addisons present

Answer 37

insidious onset, decreased glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid levels with symptoms of fatigue, pigmentation, WL, diarrhoea, vomiting

Question 38

what are 2 adrenal medullary tumours?

Answer 38

pheochromocytoma and neuroblastoma

Question 39

when is neuroblastoma usually diagnosed?

Answer 39

at 18 months of age

Question 40

what is pheochromocytoma derived from?

Answer 40

chromatin cells that secrete catecholamines

Question 41

what does pheochromocytoma cause?

Answer 41

secondary hypertension (90%)

Question 42

What do the 10% mean in phaeochromocytoma

Answer 42

10%- malignant, bilateral, extra adrenal, not associated with hypertension, 25% are familial

Question 43

what is the definitive evidence of malignancy in phaeochromocytoma

Answer 43

metastasis

Question 44

what neoplasia is pheochromocytoma a feature of?

Answer 44

multiple endocrine neoplasia