Pathology - Pathology of GERR Flashcards
chloride is usually very low in vomiting .what other element does chloride track on a U and E profile
a.sodium
b.potassium
c.calcium
d.iodine
a.sodium
what is most of the CO2 in the body stored as
a.bicarbonate
b.carbonic acid
c.co2
a.bicarbonate mops up H+
if abnormal acid base abnormailty may be present
a low level of co2 usually indicates a…
a.metabolic alkilosis
b.metabolic acidosis
b.metabolic acidosis
most co2 stored as bicarbonate which mops up h+
if low amount it is overwhelmed and H+ builds up
which of these substances on the U and e profile is the end point of protein metabolism
a.urea
b.creatinine
a.urea
In Gi bleeding, dehydration and kidney failure which substance is expected to be raised on the U and E profile
a.urea
b.creatinine
c.co2
d.chlroide
a.urea
which of these is a waste product of metabolism
a.urea
b.creatinine
b.creatinine
a large rise in what on a u and e profile may indicate acute kidney injury
a.urea
b.creatinine
c.co2
d.chlroide
b.creatinine
which of these from the u and e is used along with age, gender and ethnicity to calculate GFR
a.urea
b.creatinine
c.co2
d.chlroide
b.creatinine
which element is the biggest contributor to osmolarity
a.potassium
b.chloride
c.sodium
d.iron
c.sodium
where does water move in cases of acute hyponatraemia
a.from brain to blood
b.from blood to brain
b.from blood to brain
brain swells
EMERGENCY to get sodium back to nromal levels
what is the main cause of hypernatraemia
a.diabetes insipidus
b.diabetes mellitus
c.severe dehydration
c.severe dehydration
usually in elderly or disabled patients who cannot communicate their need for water
what are the 3 possible mechanisms of hypokalaemia
too little potassium in. - chronic malnutrition
shift from blood into cells - alkalosis, drugs eg salbutumol
too much out- hyperaldosteronism, diuretics, dirrhoea and vomiting
what are the 3 mechanisms of hyperkalaemia
too much potassium in - IV
shift from bllod to cells - acidosis , tissue damage
too little out - kidney failure, hypoaldosteronism , ARBs, ACEi , potassium sparing diuretics
MEDICAL EMERGENCY- heart function decrease
management of hyperkalaemia
protect heart - calcium salts
check blood sugar
give insulin (potassium taken into cells) and sugar
monitor hypoglycaemia and potassium
patient has high bilirubin LFT shows
high ALT and AST
normal ALP and GGT
what is the likely aetiology
a.hepatic
b.cholestatic
a.hepatic
