Physiology - Digestion and secretion

Question 1

what type of glands are oxyntic glands that secrete in response to food and are found in the stomach?

a.single cell mucous glands
b.pit glands
c.tubular glands
d.complex glands

Answer 1

c.tubular glands

Question 2

what type of glands are goblet cells which secrete mucous in response to epithelial irritation?

a.single cell mucous glands
b.pit glands
c.tubular glands
d.complex glands

Answer 2

a.single cell mucous glands

Question 3

what type of glands are the salivary glands , pancreas and liver?

a.single cell mucous glands
b.pit glands
c.tubular glands
d.complex glands

Answer 3

d.complex glands

Question 4

which of these glands is a tubular gland

a.oxyntic glands in stomach
b.salivary glands
c.crypts of lieberkuhn

Answer 4

a.oxyntic glands in stomach

Question 5

which of these glands is a complex

a.oxyntic glands in stomach
b.salivary glands
c.crypts of lieberkuhn

Answer 5

b.salivary glands

Question 6

which type of secretion contains H2O and electrolytes from the ECF?

a.aqueous
b.organic
c.mucous

Answer 6

a.aqueous

Question 7

which type of secretion contains H20 electrolytes and glycoproteins?

a.aqueous
b.organic
c.mucous

Answer 7

c.mucous

Question 8

which type of secretion is stored in vesicles and is made via ATP dependent synthesis in the ER and the golgi?

a.aqueous
b.organic
c.mucous

Answer 8

b.organic

Question 9

what effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on secretion?

a.increased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal /vagus nerve

b.decreased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal/ vagus nerve

c.decreased glandular secretion due to gastric vasoconstriction

d.increased glandular secretion via gastric vasoconstriction

Answer 9

a.increased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal /vagus nerve

Question 10

what effect does sympathetic stimulation have on secretion?

a.increased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal /vagus nerve

b.decreased glandular secretion via glossopharangeal/ vagus nerve

c.decreased glandular secretion due to gastric vasoconstriction

d.increased glandular secretion via gastric vasoconstriction

Answer 10

c.decreased glandular secretion due to gastric vasoconstriction

Question 11

food stimulating release of GI hormones is an example of which type of regulation of secretion

a.local
b.autonomic
c.endocrine

Answer 11

c.endocrine

Question 12

which of these glands is NOT responsible for secretion of saliva?

a.parotid
b.buccal
c.submandibular
d.sublingual
e.oxyntic

Answer 12

e.oxyntic

Question 13

the parotid glands contain pytalin and lysozyme, which type of glands are these?

a.aqueous
b.serous
c.mucous

Answer 13

b.serous

Question 14

which of these glands is serous acinar?

a.parotid
b.buccal
c.sublingual

Answer 14

a.parotid

Question 15

which of these glands is mucal acinar ?

a.parotid
b.buccal
c.sublingual

Answer 15

b.buccal

Question 16

saliva is ……….. to plasma

a.isotonic
b.hypotonic
c.hypertonic

Answer 16

b.hypotonic

Question 17

which of these correctly describes the pH of saliva?

a.strongly acidic
b.neutral
c,strongly alkaline
d.slightly alkaline
e,slightly acidic

Answer 17

d.slightly alkaline

Question 18

acinar secretion, ductal epithelial transport, blood flow via vasoactive intestinal peptide and Ach, ,contraction of acinar myoepithelial cells and flow of enzyme rich saliva are all responses to which type of stimulation?

a.sympathetic
b.parasympathetic

Answer 18

b.parasympathetic

Question 19

which of these are responsible for secretion of mucous and HCO3- int he stomach

a.columnar epithelial cells
b. tubular cells
c.oxyntic glands
d.pyloric glands
e.crypts of leburkuhn

Answer 19

a.columnar epithelial cells

Question 20

which of these are responsible for secretion of HCL, pepsinogen. intrinsic factor, histamine, somatostin and mucous in the stomach

a.columnar epithelial cells
b. tubular cells
c.oxyntic glands
d.pyloric glands
e.crypts of leburkuhn

Answer 20

c.oxyntic glands

Question 21

which of these are responsible for secretion of gastrin and mucous in the stomach

a.columnar epithelial cells
b. tubular cells
c.oxyntic glands
d.pyloric glands
e.crypts of leburkuhn

Answer 21

d.pyloric glands

Question 22

which cells of the oxyntic glands produce mucous

a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells

Answer 22

a.mucous neck cells

Question 23

which cells of the oxyntic glands produce HCL and intrinsic factor

a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells

Answer 23

b.parietal cells

Question 24

which cells of the oxyntic glands produce histamine

a.mucous neck cells
b.parietal cells
c.enterochromaffin like cells
d.chief cells
e.D cells

Answer 24

c.enterochromaffin like cells

Question 25

which cells of the oxyntic glands produce histamine a.mucous neck cells b.parietal cells c.enterochromaffin like cells d.chief cells e.D cells

Answer 25

c.enterochromaffin like cells

Question 26

which cells of the oxyntic glands produce pepsinogen a.mucous neck cells b.parietal cells c.enterochromaffin like cells d.chief cells e.D cells

Answer 26

d.chief cells

Question 27

which cells of the oxyntic glands produce somatostatin a.mucous neck cells b.parietal cells c.enterochromaffin like cells d.chief cells e.D cells

Answer 27

e.D cells

Question 28

what diffuses following CL- exiting parietal cells into the lumen of the canaliculus in response to the negative potential created? a.Na+ b.K+ c. Ca2+

Answer 28

b.K+

Question 29

which of these reactions occurs in the parietal cells of oxyntic glands a.co2 + h2o -> HCO3- + H+ b.co2 + H2O -> H2CO3 c.HCO3- + H+ -> CO2 + H2O

Answer 29

a.co2 + h2o -> HCO3- + H+

Question 30

H2O passes from the ............ to the .............. via osmosis during HCL secretion from parietal cells of oxyntic glands a.lumen of canaliculus , proximal tubule b.ECF , lumen of caniculus c.mucous neck cells, ECF

Answer 30

b.ECF , lumen of caniculus

Question 31

Which enzyme is responsible for conversion of water and co2 to hco3- and h+ in the parietal cells during HCL secretion a.carbonic hydroxylase b.adenyl cyclase c.protein kinase A d.carbonic anhydrase

Answer 31

d.carbonic anhydrase

Question 32

HCO3- leaves parietal cells into the blood via secondary active transport in exchange for which substance entering the cell? a.Na+ b.co2 c.Cl- d.Ca2+ e.Ca2+

Answer 32

c.Cl-

Question 33

what is secreted from 😱 the cholinergic nerve terminals following vagal stimulation a.HCl b.Cl- c.epinephrine d.acetylcholine

Answer 33

d.acetylcholine

Question 34

gastrin is secreted by the G cells in pyloric glands in response to which stimulus? a.food bolus b.glucose c.proteins d.enzymatic release

Answer 34

c.proteins

Question 35

histamine is secreted by ECL cells in response to ..... a.HCl b.Ach c.gastrin d.pepsinogen e.somatostain

Answer 35

c.gastrin

Question 36

what is the correct order of events in stimulation of acid secretion

Answer 36

Ach secreted after vagal stimulation protein stimulates gastrin secretion by G cells in pyloric glands gastrin stimulates ECL cells to release histamine

Question 37

which of these substances does not lead to inhibition of gastrin release from g cells in pyloric glands a.secretin b.histamine c.cck d.GIP

Answer 37

b.histamine

Question 38

intrinsic factor is secreted by parietal cells. It is essential for absorption of which vitamin a.vit c b.vit B12 c,vit D d.vit K

Answer 38

b.vit B12

Question 39

B12 when dimerised with which substance ,secreted by the parietal cells, protect from GI secretions and enable receptor binding a.Intrinsic factor b.histamine c.pepsinogen d.somatostatin e.HCL

Answer 39

a.Intrinsic factor

Question 40

in pernicious anaemia antibodies against the parietal cells lead to a defficiency of which secretion a.mucous b.intrinsic factor c.histamine d.pepsinogen d.somatostain

Answer 40

b.intrinsic factor

Question 41

pepsinogen is activated to pepsin in what conditions a.neutral duodenum pH b.high stomach pH c.low stomach pH

Answer 41

c.low stomach pH

Question 42

a break in the epithelial surface leading to inflammation and fibrosis due to a imbalance between acid production and mucosal barrier

Answer 42

peptic ulceration

Question 43

infection with which bacteria can lead to a peptic ulcer a.helicobacter pylori b.e coli c.neisseria meningitis d.streptococcus

Answer 43

a.helicobacter pylori

Question 44

which of these drugs can predispose peptic ulcers? a.ACE inhibitors b.Beta blockers c.SGLUT 2 inhibitors d.NSAIDS

Answer 44

d.NSAIDS

Question 45

alkali suspension, protective coatings, proton pump inhibitors, muscarinic receptor blockers , PGE1 analogues, and antibiotics are used to treat which condition

Answer 45

peptic ulcer

Question 46

what cells have acid secretion inhibited by proton pump inhibitors in cases of peptic ulcer a.mucous neck cells b.parietal cells c.ECL d.chief cells e.d cells

Answer 46

b.parietal cells

Question 47

how do PGE1 analogues aid treatment of peptic ulcers a.alkali suspension b.inhibition of parietal cell acid secretion c. reduced stimulation of acid secretion d.increased mucous production e.treat helicobacter pylori infection

Answer 47

d.increased mucous production

Question 48

how do muscarinic receptor blockers aid treatment of peptic ulcers a.alkali suspension b.inhibition of parietal cell acid secretion c. reduced stimulation of acid secretion d.increased mucous production e.treat helicobacter pylori infection

Answer 48

c. reduced stimulation of acid secretion

Question 49

alginates and bismuth are examples of what treatment for peptic ulcers a.proton pump inhibitors b.muscarinic receptor blockers c.protective coatings d.pge1 analogues e.antibitoics

Answer 49

c.protective coatings

Question 50

what is the correct order of phases of pancreatic secretion a.cephalic, gastric intestinal b.gastric, cephalic, intestinal c. intestinal, gastric, cephalic

Answer 50

a.cephalic, gastric, intestinal

Question 51

what stimulation is triggered by sight smell thought and taste during the cephalic phase of pancreatic secretion a.parasympathetic vagal b.sympathetic vagal

Answer 51

a.parasympathetic vagal

Question 52

what triggers vasovagal and gastropancreatic reflexes in the gastric phase of pancreatic secretion a.smell taste thought b.stomach distention c.acid in the intestine

Answer 52

b.stomach distention

Question 53

acid in the intestine leads to release of which hormone in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion a. secretin b.cck c.epinephrine

Answer 53

a. secretin

Question 54

proteins and fatty acid in the intestine leads to release of which hormone in the intestinal phase of pancreatic secretion a. secretin b.cck c.epinephrine

Answer 54

b.cck

Question 55

secretion of NaHCO3 from the bile duct is increased by... a.cck b.histamine c.pepsinogen d.secretin

Answer 55

d.secretin

Question 56

what happens following fatty acids in the duodenum triggering a CCK release from I cells a.gall bladder relaxation b.gall bladder contraction c.relaxation of sphincter of oddi

Answer 56

b.gall bladder contraction

Question 57

which structure relaxes following cck release from I cells to allow emptying via the common bile duct a.gall bladder b.pancreas c.sphincter of oddi

Answer 57

c.sphincter of oddi

Question 58

bile salts are synthesised in which organ from cholesterol a.pancreas b.gall bladder c.liver d.kidney

Answer 58

c.liver

Question 59

what are the 2 functions of bile salts

Answer 59

emulsification increasing sa for lipases combine with lipid digestion products to form micelles for absorption

Question 60

inactive precursors of proteases and peptidases are activated by which enzyme a.carbonic anhydrase c.protein kinase a d,enterokinase

Answer 60

d,enterokinase

Question 61

which of these enzymes secreted by the pancreas does not convert proteases polypetides to polypeptides and amino acids a.trypsin b.chymotrypsin c.carboxypeptidase d.pepsin

Answer 61

d.pepsin converts proteins to the proteoses and polypeptides in first stage

Question 62

which of these secreted by the pancreas enzymes converts polypeptides and amino acids to amino acids a.trypsin b.chymotrypsin c.carboxypeptidase d.pepsin e.peptidases

Answer 62

e.peptidases

Question 63

which of these pancreatic enzymes hydrolyses starcg, glycogen and carbohydrates to oligosaccharides a.trypsin b.chymotrypsin c.carboxypeptidase d.pepsin e.amylase

Answer 63

e.amylase

Question 64

which of these pancreatic lipases hydrolyses triglycerides to monoglycerides and FFAs a.cholesterol esterase b.pancreatic lipase c.phospholipase A2

Answer 64

b.pancreatic lipase

Question 65

which of these pancreatic lipases is responsible for hydrolysis of cholesterol esters a.cholesterol esterase b.pancreatic lipase c.phospholipase A2

Answer 65

a.cholesterol esterase

Question 66

which of these pancreatic lipases is responsible for hydrolysis of phospholipids to form fatty acids a.cholesterol esterase b.pancreatic lipase c.phospholipase A2

Answer 66

c.phospholipase A2

Question 67

what type of epithelium are HCO3- and H2O secreted by? a.acinar b.tubular c.ssk

Answer 67

a.acinar

Question 68

H+  blood Na+ + HCO3-  lumen  osmotic gradient HCO3- / Cl- exchange in pancreatic ducts

Question 69

what is regulation of pancreatic stimulation primarily regulated by a.food in large intestine b.food in stomach c.food in small intestine

Answer 69

c.food in small intestine

Question 70

what is the effect of somatostatin on surpression of pancreatic secretion a.stimulation b.surpression

Answer 70

b.surpression

Question 71

what effect do secretin, cck and ach have on pancreatic secretion a.stimulate b.surpression

Answer 71

a.stimulate

Question 72

where are bile salts reabsorbed via initial passive diffusion and later active transport from? a.pancreas b.liver c.large intestine d.small intestine

Answer 72

d.small intestine

Question 73

rate of enterohepatic recirculation of bile salts is conrolled by what? a.enzymatic action b.enterohepatic availability

Answer 73

b.enterohepatic availability

Question 74

what is bilirubin bound to when it is transported in the blood? a.ferritin b. albumin c,transferrin

Answer 74

b. albumin

Question 75

what is bilirubin conjugated to in the liver? a.glucuronic acid b.bilirubin glucuronide c.urobilinogen c.urobilin

Answer 75

a.glucuronic acid

Question 76

following bilirubin conjugation in the liver to glucuronide what is formed prior to bile? a.glucuronic acid b.bilirubin glucuronide c.urobilinogen c.urobilin

Answer 76

b.bilirubin glucuronide

Question 77

circulating urobilinogen us known as? a.glucuronic acid b.bilirubin glucuronide c.urobilinogen c.urobilin

Answer 77

c.urobilin

Question 78

intestinal urobilinogen is known as.. a.glucuronic acid b.bilirubin glucuronide c.urobilinogen c.urobilin d.stercobilin

Answer 78

d.stercobilin

Question 79

yellowing of the eyes , skin ans mucous membranes due to an increase in plasma billirubin

Answer 79

jaundice

Question 80

in what type of jaundice does haemolysis lead to excess bilirubin production (often found in sickle cell anaemia and haemolytic disease of newborns)? a.pre hepatic b.hepatic c.post hepatic

Answer 80

a.pre hepatic

Question 81

what type of jaundice is caused by the inability of the liver to conjugate/excrete billirubin (linked to hepatitis and alcoholic liver disease)? a.pre hepatic b.hepatic c.post hepatic

Answer 81

b.hepatic

Question 82

what type of jaundice is caused by an obstruction of the bile duct (eg gallstones and pancreatic carcinoma)? a.pre hepatic b.hepatic c.post hepatic

Answer 82

c.post hepatic

Question 83

kernicterus

Answer 83

Kernicterus is a type of brain damage that can result from high levels of bilirubin in a baby's blood.

Question 84

which glands of the intestine are responsible for protection of the duodenal mucosa against digestion a.brunners b.cryts of lieberkuhn

Answer 84

a.brunners

Question 85

which monosaccharide is absorbed via Na+ dependent active transport a. glucose b.fructose c.sucrose

Answer 85

a. glucose

Question 86

which monosaccharide is absorbed via facilitated diffusion a. glucose b.fructose c.sucrose

Answer 86

b.fructose

Question 87

how do absorbed monosaccharides enter the mucosal capillaries a. active transport b.diffusion c.facilitated diffusion

Answer 87

c.facilitated diffusion

Question 88

how are proteins absorbed as short peptides and amino acids? a.1 active transport n.2 active transport c.diffusion

Answer 88

n.2 active transport

Question 89

which transporter is used for H+ co transport of peptides into the cell a.sodium potassium pump b. na+/h+ exchanger c.carrier molecule

Answer 89

c.carrier molecule

Question 90

absorption of amino acids into mucosal capillaries occurs via which type of transport a.facilitated diffusion b.simple diffusion c.active transport d.bus

Answer 90

a.facilitated diffusion

Question 91

following breakdown by pancreatic lipase and transport to the epithelial border in micelles how to monoglycerides and ffa enter the epotherlial membrane a.facilitated diffusion b.simple diffusion c.active transport d.bus c.active transport d.bus

Answer 91

b.simple diffusion

Question 92

what happens to monoglycerides and FFAs in the ER a.reconstituted into triglycerides then chylomicrons b.reconstituted into chylomicrons then triglycerides

Answer 92

a.reconstituted into triglycerides then chylomicrons

Question 93

following excocytosis via lacteals from the basolateral membrane how are chylomicrons transported to the blood a.via gall bladder b. via lymph nodes c.via inguinal canal d.via thoracic duct

Answer 93

d.via thoracic duct

Question 94

which type of chyme decreases intestinal osmolarity and so increases water absorption a,concentrated b.dilute

Answer 94

b.dilute

Question 95

what is the correct order of steps for sodium absorption

Answer 95

active transport of sodium into paracellular space by na k pump cl- follows by diffusion na enters epithelium by facilitated diffusion water enters cells then paracellular space via osmosis absorbed into mucosal capillaries

Question 96

which vitamins are absorbed within the fats they are dissolved? a. a d e k b.c b2

Answer 96

a. a d e k

Question 97

which vitamins diffuse across intestinal mucosa? a. a d e k b.c b2

Answer 97

b.c b2

Question 98

in the abscence of IF blood binds to transcobalamin 2 what type of anaemia does this lead to? a.haemolytic b.iron defficiency c.pernicious

Answer 98

c.pernicious

Question 99

what hormone leads to renal activation of vit D , increasing ca binding protein in epithelium and ca atpase in the basolateral membrane a.adrenaline b.insulin c.parathyroid d.adh

Answer 99

c.parathyroid

Question 100

what type of feedback is intestinal absorption of ca2+ a.negative ffedback of pth b.posiitve feedback of pth

Answer 100

a.negative ffedback of pth

Question 101

lack of iron absorped and available for haemoglobin synthesis leads to which type of anaemia a.penicious b.haemolytic c.microcytic d.macrocytic

Answer 101

c.microcytic

Question 102

what substance does fe combine with to bind ti a epithelial membrane receptor a.albumin b.transferrin c.ferritin

Answer 102

b.transferrin

Question 103

what does fe bind to in the blood a.plasma ferritin b.plasma transferrin

Answer 103

b.plasma transferrin

Question 104

what happens to membrane receptors in fe defficiency eg blood loss a.increase b.decrease

Answer 104

a.increase so increased absoprtion