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KROK 1 > Pathophysiology > Flashcards

Pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

Contractures in the heart

A

Caused by Ca

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2
Q

Adrenogenital syndrome

A

Female has male secondary sex characteristics

Increase of androgens

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3
Q

Radiation and lymphopenia

A

1st 8 hrs of radiation exposure = lose a lot of lymphocytes (lymphopenia)

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4
Q

Radiation and leukocytosis

A

Increased radiation exposure after 10 hrs = neutrophillic leukocytosis

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5
Q

Dystrophy of the heart

A

Decrease strength of heart contractions

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6
Q

Myogenic dilation

A

Dystrophy of the heart
Enlargement of heart cavities
No change in outer region of heart

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7
Q

Tonogenic dilation

A

Dystrophy of the heart
Causes a change in the outer region of the heart
No change in cavities inside the heart

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8
Q

Transmural MI

A

Infarction throughout all the layers in the heart

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9
Q

Complications associated with Left Ventricular Insufficiency

A

Congestion of left atria

Edema in lungs (retrograde effect)

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10
Q

Complications associated with Right Ventricular Insufficiency

A

Lower limb edema
Ascites
Nutmeg liver
ALWAYS pulmonary hypertension

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11
Q

Congestion

A

Problem receiving blood

Blood remains in blood vessels

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12
Q

Stenosis of renal artery

A

Increased secretion of renin lead to increased production of angiotensin
Lead to increase in hypertension

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13
Q

2nd alteration/healing

A

Scar formation is a 2nd alteration/healing event

Appears as an area of necrosis, edema and hyperemia

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14
Q

1st alteration/healing

A

No scar

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15
Q

1 drumstick

A

Indicates 1 barr body
XX
E.g. in Klinefelter syndrome

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16
Q

Prolonged expiration whilst choking

A

Indicates inspiration dyspnoea

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17
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A

Inflammation of the kidney
Associated with reductions in filtration
Proteinuria will lead to edema formation

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18
Q

Hyperaemia induced during physical activity

A

Turning of ankle

Inflammation, arterial hyperemia, warmth increased

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19
Q

Obstructive alveolar ventilation disturbance

A

Asthma

COPD

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20
Q

Restrictive alveolar ventilation disturbance

A

Fibrosis

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21
Q

Neuromuscular/Dysregulatory alveolar ventilation disturbance

A

Paralysis of muscles in respiration

Problem with muscles and CNS

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22
Q

Protopathic pain

A

Acute and dull pain at the same time

E.g. During tooth extraction

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23
Q

Left ventricular failure

A

Aka acute heart failure
Linked to hypertension
Breathlessness, cyanosis of lips, skin and face

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24
Q

Right ventricular failure

A 
Linked to pulmonary hypertension 
Lower limb edema and ascites 
Nutmeg liver 
Congestion problems 
Cyanotic induration of the kidneys and spleen
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25
Neuroparalytic
WPW syndrome
26
Interleukin - 1
Associated with increases in body temperature
27
Interleukin - 2
Activates B cells and T cells
28
Interleukin - 3/4
Activates immunoglobulins
29
CI range
8.5 to 1.15 <0.85 = Iron deficiency anemia (Microcytic/hypochromic anemia) >1.15 = B12 deficiency anemia (Megalocytic/hyperchromic anemia)
30
Hyperfunction of medulla region of adrenal gland
Increased adrenaline activity
31
Diastole in heart caused by
Heart fully relaxed Increased K+ (Hyperkalemia) Heart is in a repolarised state
32
Systole on heart caused by
Heart CONTRACTION Increased influx of Ca into heart Na only increases heart rate
33
Hydrodynamic oedema
Edema associated with heart failure Proteinuria associated with glomerulonephritis - Decrease in oncotic pressure - High conc of proteins of urine
34
Karyotype
Confirm a genetic disorder
35
Restriction surface of the lungs
Indicated by fibrosis in the lungs
36
AVN block arrythmia
P-Q prolongation | P wave is greater than QRS (impulse from atria isnt reaching ventricles)
37
Thyroid hormone and hypoxia
Dysjunction Oxidation Phosphorylation
38
Extrasystole
Premature contraction in the heart | Lack of P wave and QRS deformities
39
Psychoemotional state and coronary artery spasm
Increased secretion adrenaline = increase spasm of the coronary artery
40
Hypokinetic hypertension
Increased CO | No changes in the BV resistance
41
Hyperkinetic hypertension
Increased general peripheral resistance | No change to CO
42
Eukinetic hypertension
Increases CO Increased general peripheral resistance Narrowing of BV and increased blood flow
43
Acquired hemolytic
Free haemoglobin indicates hemolytic anemia Acquired = onset occurs later in life Hereditary = early stages of life
44
Leading cause of hypertension
Stress caused by neurogenetic mechanism
45
Renal insufficiency
Decreased in renal function Presence of urea in blood (convulsions) Decreased in diuresis (Acute renal failure)
46
Periods of stress/physical trauma and they ask about leukocytosis
Redistribution of leukocytes to blood stream
47
Factor X deficiency
Type B hemophilia
48
Thyrotoxicosis
Tissue hypoxia
49
Composite immunodeficiency
Increased T cells and IgM
50
Brutons immunodeficiency
Increased B lymphocytes
51
Extrinsic pathway activation
III - VIIa - Xa
52
Hemophilia
X linked recessive
53
Pulmonary emphysema
Expiratory dyspnea
54
Morphine poisoning
Ventilative disregulatory respiratory failure
55
Blood loss
Hypovolemia
56
Proteinic damage
Enzyme inhibition
57
Renewal of filtration in nephrons
Causes polyuria intensification
58
Glucocorticoids
Given to prevent transplant rejection
59
Arterial neuroparlytic hypermia
Reddening / Increased temperature of skin after cutting a nerve
60
Calomel intoxication
Acute renal insufficiency
61
Cardiogenic shock
Disturbance of pumping ability of hearts
62
Viral hepatisis
Causes absolute hypoalbuminemia
63
Normal RBC value
3.8 - 5.5
64
Nephrotic syndrome
Hypoproteinemia Dysproteinemia Hyperlipidemia
65
Relative hyperproteinemia
Working in conditions of increased temperature
66
Types of jaundice
``` Hemolytic = unconjugated Mechanical = direct / conjugated Hepatic = unconjugated and conjugated ```
67
DIC syndrome
Blockage in small blood vessels (petechial haemorrhage)
68
Haemorrhagic syndrome
Activation of fibrinolytic system
69
WPW syndrome
Short P-Q int, Wide QRST complex
70
Hyperglycemic coma mechanism
Hyperosmia
71
Zollinger Ellison
Hyperacid hypersecretion
72
Thalasemmia
Affects Palestinians
73
Type I Allergy
Anaphylaxis Atopy Reagine
74
Type II Allergy
Blood transfusion incompatibility
75
Type III Allergy
Immune complex | E.g. Serum complex
76
Type IV Allergy
Cellular toxicity | E.g. Mantoux test
77
200 vs 500 radiation exposure
``` 200 = Lymphopenia 500 = Neutrophilic ```

KROK 1 (10 decks)

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