Physiology Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Resting Membrane Potential
A
-70 to -90 mV
2
Q
Depolarization
A
-70 to +30 mV
Threshold = -55 mV (
Na+ influx
3
Q
Re-polarization
A
+30 to -75 mV
Efflux of K+ ions
4
Q
Hyperpolorization
A
-75 to -90 mV
K+ leakage
5
Q
All or non law
A
Applied to AP
6
Q
P wave
A
Atrial depolarization (contracts)
7
Q
QRS wave
A
Atrial re-polarization (relaxes) Ventricular depolarization (contracts)
8
Q
T wave
A
Ventricular re-polarization (relaxes)
9
Q
SA node
A
60 -90 bpms
10
Q
AV node
A
30-50 bpms
Controls PQ interval
11
Q
His bundle and Purkunje Fibers
A
10-20 bpms
Controls QRS unit
12
Q
Low ST interval
A
Myocardial Infarction
13
Q
Adenohypophysis
A
TSH ACTH GTH FSH LH Prolactin (NB for diagnosis of pathology in pituitary gland) GH Melanocyte SH
14
Q
Neurohypophysis
A
Vasopressin/ADH (Increases tubular H2O absorption and controls bp)
Oxytocin (stimulates milk production and uterus contraction)
15
Q
Hyperthyriodism
A
Graves disease
16
Q
Hypothyriodism
A
Hashimotos disease
17
Q
Calcitonin
A
Cells that produce calcitonin can be stained by silver
Produced by thyroid
Bone mineralization
18
Q
Pararthyriod hormone
A
Bone demineralization
Produced by thyroid
19
Q
Conns Disease
A
Increased levels of aldosterone
20
Q
Cushings syndrome
A
Increased cortisol due to genetic factors
21
Q
Cushings disease
A
Increased cortisol due to pituitary adenoma or trauma to the pituitary
22
Q
Brainstem - Midbrain
A
Red nucleus (Injury causes flexed muscles) - Tension of flexor muscles
23
Q
Brainstem - Pons
A
Quadrigeminal Plate
- Post/Sup = Pupil reflex
- Inf/Ant = Orientation and balance / tension of extensor muscles
24
Q
Brainstem - MO
A
Respiratory center
Deglutition (swallowing) center
25
Brainstem - Cerebellum
Coordination of movement and speech
26
Spinal cord
```
Anterior = Motor
Posterior = Sensory
```
27
SNS vs PNS
```
SNS = uses adrenaline
PNS = uses acetycholine
```
28
IgA
Provides immunity in the oral cavity
29
IgE
Allergic reaction
30
IgM
Primary/acute infections
31
IgG
Secondary/chronic infections
32
G cells
Produce gastrin
33
Parietal cells
Produce HCL
34
Chief cells
Poduce pepsin ( digests proteins)
35
Bleeding
`Decreases haematocrit rate)
36
Vagus n
```
Stimulates PaNS
Decreases HR (decreased contraction rate)
```
37
Superficial vs Deep haemorrhage
```
Sup = Platelet dysfunction (e.g. Punctata)
Deep = Coagulation factors dysfunction
```
38
Waved/ Partial tetanus
Muscle contraction during relaxation
39
Holotetanus
Muscle contraction during movement
40
Min BV through lungs
Equal to Min BV through heart
41
Isometric contraction
Static period where heart valves are closed
42
Lens
Responsible for refracting power of eye
43
Renin and Erythropoietin
BP regulation
44
Glomerulus
Filters cells and proteins in blood
45
Tubules
Reabs electrolytes, glucose and H2O
| Excretes urea
46
Glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of filter
| Affects filtration
47
Pyelonephritis
Inflammation of tubule
48
Heart chamber pressures
```
RA = 0-10 mmHg
LA = 0-20 mmHg
RV = 0-60 mmHg
LV = 0-120 mmHg
```
49
Functional Residual Capacity
Vol that stays in the lungs after expiration
50
Cardiomyocytes from V/A
Cant generate impulses automatically
51
Vestibular receptors
Responsible for balance
52
Super distended heart (extension)
Causes secretion of natruretic hormone
53
Kidney secretions
```
Exocrine = Erythropoietin (stimulaed by hypoxia)
Endocrine = Renin
```
54
Spinothalamic tract
Responsible for pain and temperature
55
Increased oncotic pressure (E.g. Increased albumin)
H2O moves from int. fluid to capillaries
56
Anephric
Missing a kidney
| Anemia due to decreased erythropoietin
57
Bile acids
Emulsify fats for digestion
58
Thyroxin
Thermoregulatory hormone
59
Aldosterone
Allows for min loss of Na+ in sweat
60
Post vs Pre Central Gyrus
```
Post = Sensory
Pre = Motor
```
61
Increased glucose in blood
H2O moves from cell to IF
62
Middle frequency sounds
Middle part of helix/cochlear
63
Cattarhal inflammation
Inflammation of mucus membranes (E.g. rhinitis etc)
64
ESR
ESR increases when albumin decreases
| Increases during starvation
65
Protein levels
<62 = Increased oncotic pressure (Increased filtration and decreased re-absorption)
66
Pancreatic Juice
Contains tripsin, lipase and amylase
| Cholecystokinin stimulates pancreatic juice secretion
67
Injury to SCM
Affects inpiratory reserve volume
68
Pavlov classification
```
Phlegmatic = Balanced nervous activity
Sanguine = High working activity
```
69
Acetycholine
Neurotransmitter found in sympathetic neurosynapses
70
Damage to reticular formation system
Prolonged deep sleep
71
Proprioreceptors
Muscle spindles = measure tension
| Golgi tendon = measure length
72
Packed Cell Vol
Decreases when you loose blood
73
Bronchospasms
Block M cholinoreceptors to decrease
74
Diver reflex
Triggers refectory apnea
75
Moving from horizontal to vertical
Reflectory vasoconstriction of lower limb veins
76
Surfactant deficiency
Pulmonary collapse
77
Receptors of Ach
In neuromusucular synapse
78
Isometric vs Isotonic
```
Isometric = holding a load (muscle stays the same, tension increases)
Isotonic = Waving your arm (muscle length changes, tension remains the same)
```
79
Diffusing lung capacity
Decreases with increased alveolar membrane thickness
80
Damage to C1- C4 and below C4
```
C1-C4 = Death (no respiration)
C4 = Maintain respiration
```
81
Vagus damage
Deep and infrequent breathing
82
How to decrease gastric juice secretion
Block histamine receptors
83
Alpha 1,2 and Beta 1,2 receptors
Alpha 1 = smooth mm
Alpha 2 = adrenal gland
Beta 1 = heart
Beta 2 = bronchi (lungs)
84
Dry heat sterilization
Sterilizes pipettes etc
85
Depression of R-R interval
Heart hurry
86
Delayed AV node conduction
Prolonged P-Q interval
87
Aldosterone
Increases K+ and Na+ excretion
88
Reciprocal movement
One muscle contracts while the other relaxes
89
Cholagogues
Billiary excretion and intestinal motility
90
Catecholamines
Increase BP
