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anatomy-horse And Ruminant > Pelvic Limb > Flashcards

Pelvic Limb Flashcards

(128 cards)

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1
Q

Which skeletal structures are included in the pes?

A

Tarsal bones, metatarsals, P1, P2, P3 (digital bones)

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2
Q

Which skeletal structures comprise the equine digit?

A

Pastern, Coronet, hoof

and sometimes the proximal sesamoid bones

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3
Q

Which structures are found in the extensor fossa of the femur?

A

origins of:
long digital extensor
peroneus tertius

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4
Q

What is the tuber coxae?
Os coxae?
Ossa coxarum?

A

tuber coxae - point of the hip
os coxae - pelvic/hip bone (singular)
ossa coxarum - pelvis (plural)

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5
Q

Which structures form the tarsal canal?

Which structures pass through it?

A

form - Tc, T3, T4

passes through - perforating tarsal artery

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6
Q

What is the difference between the tarsal and flexor canals?

A

tarsal canal - perforating artery passes through, and made up of the tarsal bones
flexor canal - superficial and lateral heads of DDF pass through, and made up of the flexor retinaculum

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7
Q

What are the extensors of the hip joint?

A

Middle gluteal, biceps femoris, semitendinosus, semimembranosus, quadratus femoris

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8
Q

What are the abductors of the hip joint?

A

Superficial gluteal, middle gluteal, deep gluteal

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9
Q

What are the flexors of the hip joint?

A

sartorius, iliacus, psoas major, tensor fascia latae, superficial gluteal, rectus femoris

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10
Q

What are the extensors of the stifle joint?

A

quadriceps femoris

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11
Q

What are the flexors of the sifle joint?

A

semimembranosus, semitendinosus, popliteus, biceps femoris

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12
Q

What are the adductors of the hip joint?

A

gracilis, adductor, pectineus, external obturator

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13
Q

What are the extensors of the tarsal joint?

A

gastrocnemius, soleus, SDF

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14
Q

What are the flexors of the tarsal joint?

A

long digital extensor, lateral digital extensor, cranial tibial muscle, peroneus tertius

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15
Q

What are the extensors of the digital joints?

A

long digital extensor, lateral digital extensor

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16
Q

What are the flexors of the digital joints?

A

Superficial and deep digital flexors

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17
Q

What are the long and short heads of the thigh muscles?

A

long head - attaches to the vertebral bodies

short head - attaches at ischial arch/ischiatic head

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18
Q

What are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

cranial - sartorius muscle

caudal - pectineus muscle

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19
Q

What are the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

femoral artery
femoral vein
saphenous nerve
deep inguinal lymph node

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20
Q

What is the only muscle located in the metatarsal area?

A

short digital extensor muscle

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21
Q

What are the heads of the deep digital flexor muscle?

A

superficial - caudal tibial muscle - separate tendon, but common synovial sheath with lateral head
medial - separate tendon + synovial sheath
lateral - very large, common synovial sheath with superficial head

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22
Q

What is the main arterial path through the pelvic limb?

A

external iliac -> femoral -> popliteal -> cranial tibial -> dorsal pedal -> dorsal metatarsal III -> distal perforating branch -> digital arteries

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23
Q

What are the arterial branches that enter into the formation of the S-shaped anastomosis located in the region of the tarsus?

A

descending branch of the caudal femoral artery
caudal tibial artery
saphenous artery
*S shape allows vessels to bend w/ flexion/extension

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24
Q

Which arterial branches originate from the deep plantar arch?

A

lateral and medial plantar metatarsal arteries

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25
Where is the dorsal pedal artery located?
Dorsal surface at level of hock
26
How is the terminal arch formed?
medial and lateral digital arteries (solar canal)
27
What is the difference between the tarsal and flexor canals?
tarsal canal - perforating artery passes through, and made up of the tarsal bones flexor canal - superficial and lateral heads of DDF pass through, and made up of the flexor retinaculum
28
Femoral n. innervates
Quadriceps, primary extensor of stifle
29
Saphenous n. innervates
Sartorius, sensory to medial aspect
30
Obturator n. innervates
Adductors of hip, runs w/ obturator a. on shaft of ilium | **can have paralysis during parturition due to pressure on n.
31
Tibial n. innervates
Caudomedial mm.
32
Common peroneal n. is located where and bifurcates into what
Cranial aspect; bifurcates into superficial and deep peroneal nn. on distal metatarsus
33
Point of the hock
Tuber calcanei
34
Chestnut
Remnant of tarsal pad, crusty skin
35
Ergot
Remnant of metatarsal pad, tuft of hair
36
Pastern
Fetlock to top of hoof
37
Stifle joint is compound and made up of which 3 joints
Femoropatellar and 2 femorotibial joints
38
Proximal and distal interphalangeal joints aka
Proximal - pastern joint | Distal - coffin joint
39
Which 2 mm. insert on the fovea capitis
Accessory ligament of hip (extension of prepubic tendon), round ligament of head of femur
40
Trochlea and condyle - which is cranial/caudal
Trochlea - cranial | Condyle - caudal
41
Origin of SDF
Supracondyloid fossa *remember SDF starts on femur
42
Fibula development
Head doesn't develop completely like ulna in thoracic limb
43
What passes through the crural interosseus space
Cranial tibial a.
44
Lateral malleolus
Represents fused distal end of fibula (~styloid process in thoracic limb)
45
Medial splint bone is which metatarsal bone
Metatarsal bone II
46
Lateral splint bone is which metatarsal bone
Metatarsal bone IV
47
Other names for PI, PII, and PIII
PI - long pastern bone PII - short pastern bone PIII - coffin bone
48
Function of middle gluteal
Extensor and abductor
49
How do you differentiate the accessory head of the middle gluteal from the deep gluteal
Deep gluteal is attached directly to the ilium, has tendinous intersections (streaks) on surface
50
Trochanteric bursa
Can become inflamed -> trochanteric bursitis or "whorl bone"
51
Which nn. innervate middle gluteal, biceps femoris, and semitendinosus
Gluteal (cranial or caudal) and sciatic nn.
52
Which n. innervates semimembranosus and quadratus femoris
Sciatic n.
53
Which n. innervates superficial and middle gluteal
Gluteal nn. (cranial or caudal)
54
Parts of quadriceps femoris (4)
Rectus femoris Vastus medialis Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius ("hotdog")
55
Tibial n. innervates (2)
Extensors of tarsal joint and flexors of digital joints (caudomedial mm.)
56
Peroneal n. innervates (2)
Flexors of tarsal joint and extensors of digital joints (craniolateral mm.)
57
Major components of common calcanean tendon
Gastrocnemius (inserts on tuber calcanei), SDF (inserts on digit)
58
Minor components of common calcanean tendon
Fascial sheets from biceps femoris, semitendinosus
59
Components of reciprocal apparatus (2)
SDF, peroneus tertius (connective tissue band in equine)
60
Functional effect of reciprocal apparatus
Stifle and hock joints reciprocate: stifle flexes -> hock flexes, stifle extends -> hock extends
61
Extension of hock upon flexion of stifle is pathognomonic for what
Rupture of peroneus tertius
62
Which 2 tendons of the DDF fuse and travel through the tarsal canal
Tendons of the superficial and lateral heads (medial head travels outside canal and fuses w/ these distal to hock)
63
Which check ligaments are present in the pelvic limb
Distal check ligament - variable | Proximal - NOT present
64
Parts of extensor retinaculum (4)
Crural = proximal Tarsal = middle Metatarsal = distal Lateral (holds tendon of lateral digital extensor)
65
Thoroughpin
Name for inflammatory process of the common synovial tarsal sheath that surrounds the superficial and lateral heads of the DDF
66
When does external iliac become the femoral
After deep femoral branches off
67
Medial and lateral digital aa. come from which a. on the plantar surface
Distal perforating branch
68
Medial and lateral digital aa. give off what branches
Dorsal branches to PI, PII, and PIII, branch to the digital cushion
69
Branches of the deep femoral
Pudendoepigastric trunk, medial circumflex femoral
70
Branches of the femoral (4)
Lateral circumflex femoral Saphenous Descending genicular Caudal femoral (descending branch)
71
Caudal femoral is the same as which a. in the dog
Distal caudal femoral
72
Which a. passes through the tarsal canal
Perforating tarsal a.
73
Primary blood supply to digit
Dorsal metatarsal III
74
Medial and lateral plantar aa. anastomose w/ which aa.
Medial and lateral digital aa.
75
Saphenous n. is a branch of which nerve and innervates which muscle
Femoral n.; sartorius
76
Deep peroneal n. splits into which 2 nn. at the level of the tarsus
Medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nn.
77
Medial and lateral dorsal metatarsal nn. become which nn. at the level of the fetlock
Medial and lateral dorsal digital nn.
78
Superficial peroneal nn. gives off which 2 branches
Lateral and dorsal branches
79
Which 2 plantar nn. have dorsal branches
Medial and lateral plantar digital nn.
80
Caudal cutaneous sural and medial cutaneous tarsal nn. are branches of which nerve
Tibial n.
81
Which nerve provides the main motor and sensory function to the plantar surface
Tibial n.
82
Medial and lateral plantar nn. change to which nn. at the level of the fetlock
Medial and lateral plantar digital nn.
83
Which 2 nn. innervate the suspensory ligament
Medial and lateral plantar metatarsal nn.
84
Communicating branch connects which 2 nn.
Medial and lateral plantar nn.
85
Which ligament covers the acetabular notch
Transverse acetabular ligament
86
Which ligament attaches to the fovea capitis and makes femoral luxation less common in the horse
Accessory ligament of the hip
87
Components of the stifle joint (4)
Femoropatellar Femorotibial *2 - lateral and medial parts of tibia Lateral and medial meniscus Synovial fluid
88
Synovial compartments of stifle joint (3)
Femoropatellar | Medial and lateral femorotibial
89
Which 2 synovial compartments have 100% communication? Which 2 have none?
100% - femoropatellar and medial femorotibial None - medial and lateral femorotibial (Femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial - 25%)
90
Fibrocartilage flap is part of which ligament of the stifle
Medial patellar ligament
91
4 components of "patellar loop" (patellar locking mechanism)
Patella and fibrocartilage Medial patellar ligament Intermediate patellar ligament Medial trochlear ridge
92
Upward fixation and treatment
Clinical condition of patellar locking mechanism - trouble unlocking limb (patella) by contraction of quadriceps, so horse swings limb out in wide arc -> correct by medial patellar desmotomy
93
Tarsal canal is a natural space between which 3 bones
Central tarsal, T III, and T IV
94
Which artery passes through the tarsal canal
Perforating tarsal a.
95
Flexor retinaculum spans what space
Tuber calcanei to medial hock -> changes tarsal groove to flexor canal
96
Synovial compartments of tarsal joint (4)
Tarsocrural Proximal intertarsal Distal intertarsal Tarsometatarsal
97
Which synovial compartment has the greatest movement
Tarsocrural
98
Which 2 synovial compartments have 100% communication
Tarsocrural and proximal intertarsal
99
Joint pouches of tarsal joint (3)
Dorsal Medioplantar Lateroplantar
100
Subtendinous bursa is deep to which muscle
SDF *always present
101
Presence of subcutaneous bursa
Variable - present w/ trauma, "capped hock" when present
102
Cunean bursa is a cushion for which tendon
Medial tendon of cranial tibial m. = cunean tendon = jack cord
103
Which muscle doesn't have a synovial sheath
Gastrocnemius
104
Function of retinacula
To hold tendons in place
105
Dorsal extensor retinacula (3)
``` Crural = proximal Tarsal = middle Metatarsal = distal ```
106
Retinacula of tarsal joint (3)
Dorsal extensor retinacula (3) Lateral extensor retinaculum Flexor retinaculum
107
Superficial boundary of flexor canal
Flexor retinaculum
108
Curb
Name for when the long plantar ligament is swollen from trauma
109
Which ligament holds the flexor tendons in place
Plantar annular ligament
110
Plantar ligament is the same as
Intersesamoidean ligament
111
Shapes of proximal and distal digital annular ligaments
Proximal - X | Distal - crescent
112
The digital sheath holds which tendons
SDF and DDF
113
Insertion of long digital extensor
Extensor process of PIII
114
Insertion of DDF
Flexor surface of PIII
115
Insertion of SDF
Distal part of PI and proximal part of PII
116
Insertion of suspensory ligament
Proximal sesamoids
117
Distal sesamoidean ligaments include which ligaments
Straight, oblique, cruciate
118
Spavin
Any condition that affects the hock
119
Bog spavin
Excess joint fluid
120
Blood spavin
Cranial branch of medial saphenous v. pushed out due to underlying bog spavin (distended joint pouches - misnomer)
121
Bone spavin
Osteoarthritis
122
Spavin test
Hold hock in flexion for 2 minutes, positive if more lame after
123
Thoroughpin
Inflammation/swelling of tarsal sheath
124
Stringhalt and treatment
Involuntary flexion of lateral digital extensor (misfiring) -> treat by cutting tendon
125
Main components of passive stay apparatus (3)
Patellar locking mechanism Reciprocal apparatus Suspensory apparatus of fetlock (distal fetlock held in overextension by sesamoidean ligaments)
126
Sciatic n. travels through what and terminates as what
Greater sciatic foramen; terminates as tibial
127
Tibial n. becomes lateral palmar when
At level of hock
128
Medial plantar digital n. is located where
At level of fetlock

anatomy-horse And Ruminant (9 decks)

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