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Lower Extremity Anatomy > Pelvis, Sacrum, and Femur > Flashcards

Pelvis, Sacrum, and Femur Flashcards

(155 cards)

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1
Q

Synarthrosis

A
  • No movement
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2
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A
  • Slightly moveable
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3
Q

Diathrosis

A
  • Freely moveable
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4
Q

Functional classification

A
  • Amount of movement allowed
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5
Q

Structural classification

A
  • Type of connective tissue that connects bone
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6
Q

Fibrous

A
  • United by fibrous connective tissue
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7
Q

Cartilaginous

A
  • United by cartilage
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8
Q

Synovial

A
  • Multiple characteristics
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9
Q

Fibrous joints

A
  • No joint cavity
  • Bones united by fibrous CT
  • Length of fibers determines movement allowed
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10
Q

Syndesmosis

A
  • Fibrous, amphiarthrosis

- Ex: tibiofibular syndesmosis

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11
Q

Cartilaginous joints

A
  • Lacks joint cavity

- Bones united by cartilage

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12
Q

Synchondroses

A
  • United by hyaline cartilage (primary cartilaginous joint)
  • Usually temporary, synarthrosis
  • Examples: growth plates
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13
Q

Symphysis

A
  • United by fibrocartilage (secondary cartilaginous joint)

- IVD and pubic symphysis, amphiarthrosis

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14
Q

Synovial joints include

A
  • All are diarthrosis joints
  • Articular capsule (2 layers)
  • Synovial cavity
  • Articular discs
  • Bursa
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15
Q

Two layers of articular capsule (synovial joints)

A
  • Outer fibrous capsule

- Inner synovial membrane (secretes fluid)

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16
Q

Articular cartilage (hyaline)

A
  • Covers ends of bones in synovial joints
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17
Q

Accessory ligaments of synovial joints

A
  • Capsular
  • Intracapsular
  • Extracapsular
  • (some classify capsular and extracapsular into the same group)
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18
Q

Bursa

A
  • Fluid filled sac (small amounts of fluid)

- Decreases friction between structures

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19
Q

Synovial joints are classified according to

A
  • Shape of articular surfaces
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20
Q

Types of bone (osteology)

A
  • Compact (cortical)

- Cancellous (trabecular, spongy)

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21
Q

Compact (cortical) bone

A
  • Dense and solid

- White on x-ray

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22
Q

Cancellous (trabecular, spongy)

A
  • Lattice-shaped plates of bone
  • Highly vascular
  • Develop along stress lines
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23
Q

More stress on cancellous bone leads to

A
  • More dense trabeculae to resist force and direction of loading
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24
Q

Wolff’s Law (applies to both cortical and cancellous bone)

A
  • Bone will develop/remodel based on forces it experiences
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25
Forces applied to bone
- Muscle contraction - Gravity - Impact loading
26
Bone shapes
- Short - Irregular - Flat - Long - Sesamoid - Accessory bones (ossicles)
27
Short bones
- Cubed shape - Carpals and tarsals - Trabecular bone covered by cortical
28
Irregular bones
- Shapes are more complex | - Vertebrae
29
Flat bones
- Plates of cortical bone with cancellous bone in between | - Ribs, cranial bones
30
Long bones
- Limbs of the extremities - Length > width - Curved - Hollow medullary shaft, fat marrow in the adult, cancellous bone at the ends
31
Sesamoid bones
- Round (oval) - Usually embedded in tendons - Patella - 1st metatarsophalangeal join
32
Sesamoid bones function
- Protect tendon | - Create mechanical advantage (alter angle of muscle pull)
33
Accessory bones (ossicles)
- Extra bone or non-fused part of existing bone - Normal variants (not fractures) - Smooth, regular edges - Can become symptomatic - Example: Os trigonum
34
Lower extremity bone ossification
- Ossify from cartilage to bone - Endochondral ossification - All lower extremity except tuft of distal phalanx (ungual tuberosity)
35
Long bones
- Primary ossification center - Secondary ossification center - Epiphyseal plate
36
Primary ossification center
- Around mid-shaft - Contributes to formation of diaphysis - Present at birth in all lower extremity long bones
37
Secondary ossification centers
- Ends of the long bones - All not present at birth - A long bone can have multiple - Epiphysis - Apophysis
38
Epiphysis
- Secondary ossification center that contributes to a joint
39
Apophysis
- Secondary ossification center for ligament/muscle attachment
40
Epiphyseal plate (Physis)
- Cartilage plate between diaphysis and epiphysis - Allows for bone lengthening - Forms metaphysis and diaphysis
41
Short bones
- Ossification center is at the bone center - Not all are present at birth - Most have 1 (not all) - Can use for radiographical age determination
42
Pelvic girdle
- Coxal bones - Ilium, Ishium, Pubis - Often includes coccyx
43
Pelvic girdle articulation
- Articulates posteriorly with the sacrum | - Forms the pelvic skeleton or pelvic ring
44
Pelvic girdle function
- Strong and rigid - Connects vertebral column to lower extremity - Weight/force transfer - Muscle attachment - Protect and support pelvic/abdominal viscera
45
Sacrum
- Wedge shaped bone - Formed by 5 fused vertebrae - Forms a primary curviture
46
Male vs. female sacrum
- Male: longer/narrower - Female: shorter wider - Rudimentary disc can persist
47
Characteristics of sacrum
- Base is superior: articulates with L5 (weight-bearing) | - Apex is inferior: articulates with coccyx
48
Sacral promontory
- Anterior edge of S1 | - Included in base of sacrum
49
4 anterior and 4 posterior sacral foramina
- Ventral and dorsal rami pass through
50
Superior articular process (of sacrum)
- Articular facet faces posteriorly
51
Auricular surface (of sacrum)
- Lateral aspect that articulates with auricular surface of ilium - Has ridges and depressions
52
Auricular surface (of sacrum) forms
- Synovial joint | - Part of sacroiliac joint
53
Sacral tuberosity
- Posterior aspect of lateral surface
54
Sacral tuberosity forms
- Syndesmosis with ilium | - Ligament attachment
55
Bony landmarks of sacrum are remnants of
- Vertebral components
56
Transverse lines (ridges)
- Fused bodies
57
Sacral crests
- Located posteriorly
58
Median sacral crest
- Fused spinous processes
59
Intermediate sacral crest
- Medial side of posterior foramina | - Fused superior/inferior articular processes
60
Lateral sacral crest
- Lateral to posterior sacral foramina | - Fused transverse processes
61
Sacral alae
- Lateral projections | - Remnant of S1 TPs
62
Sacral groove
- Between median and intermediate crest | - Fused laminae
63
Sacral hiatus
- Opens into the sacral canal | - Formed by unfused S5 lamina
64
Spinal nerves that exit sacral hiatus
- S5 | - Co1
65
Sacral cornu
- Lateral margins of sacral hiatus
66
Coccyx base
- Articulates with sacral apex | - Apex is inferior
67
Coccygeal cornu
- Remnant of superior articular processes of Co1 | - Ligaments connect with sacral cornu
68
Coccyx function
- Doesn’t support weight | - Muscles and ligaments attach
69
Coxal bone (os coxae, hip bone)
- 3 separate bones | - Separated by triradiate cartilage until fusion
70
Coxal bone (os coxae, hip bone) articulate with
- Sacrum posteriorly (sacroiliac joint) - Contralateral coxal bone anteriorly (pubic symphysis) - Femur laterally (acetabofemoral joint, hip)
71
Iliac crest
- Superior border of ilium
72
Anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
- Palpable anterior end of iliac crest
73
Posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
- Palpable posterior end of iliac crest | - Visible as a dimple on back
74
Iliac tubercle
- Posterior to ASIS
75
Posterior gluteal line
- Anterior to PSIS | - Extends to a PIIS
76
Anterior gluteal line
- From between ASIS and iliac tubercle to greater sciatic notch
77
Inferior gluteal line
- Between ASIS and AIIS to greater sciatic notch
78
Ischial tuberosity
- Palpable posterior/inferior aspect of ischium | - Bears weight when sitting
79
Acetabulum
- Cup like depression formed by the 3 bones
80
Superior border of acetabulum
- Body of ilium
81
Posterior inferior border of acetabulum
- Body of ischium
82
Anterior inferior border at acetabulum
- Pubis
83
Lunate surface of acetabulum
- Crescent shaped articular surface
84
Acetabular fossa
- Central depression - Formed mostly by body of ischium - Non-articular
85
Acetabular fossa contains
- Ligamentum teres femoris | - Fat
86
Acetabular notch
- Between inferior ends of lunate surface
87
Acetabular rim
- Raised edge of the acetabulum
88
Iliac fossa
- Pelvic surface of ala of ilium
89
Iliac tuberosity
- Roughened area on medial surface - Posterior to fossa - Superior to auricular surface
90
Auricular surface
- Smooth surface on medial aspect (does have ridges and depressions_ - Forms synovial joint - Inferior to iliac tuberosity - Posterior to iliac fossa
91
Iliopectineal eminence (iliopubic eminence)
- Junction of iliac body with superior pubic ramus
92
Obturator groove
- Superior edge of obturator foramen
93
Greater sciatic foramen
- Passageway to gluteal region
94
Greater sciatic foramen boundaries
- Anterior (anterolateral): greater sciatic notch (ilium) - Superior: anterior sacroiliac ligaments - Inferior: Ischial spine and sacrospinous ligament - Posterior (posteromedial) sacrotuberous ligament
95
Greater sciatic foramen anterior (anterolateral) boundary
- Greater sciatic notch (ilium)
96
Greater sciatic foramen superior boundary
- Anterior sacroiliac ligaments
97
Greater sciatic foramen inferior boundary
- Ischial spine | - Sacrospinous ligament
98
Greater sciatic foramen posterior (posteromedial) boundary
- Sacrotuberous ligament
99
Lesser sciatic foramen
- Passageway to gluteal region/perineum
100
Lesser sciatic foramen boundaries
- Anterior: lesser sciatic notch (ischium) - Anterior/inferior: ischial tuberosity - Anterior/superior: ischial spine - Superior: sacrospinous ligament - Posterior: sacrotuberous ligament
101
Lesser sciatic foramen anterior boundary
Lesser sciatic notch (ischium)
102
Lesser sciatic foramen anterior/inferior boundary
- Ischial tuberosity
103
Lesser sciatic foramen anterior/superior boundary
- Ischial spine
104
Lesser sciatic foramen superior boundary
- Sacrospinous ligament
105
Lesser sciatic foramen posterior boundary
- Sacrotuberous ligament
106
Obturator foramen
- Passageway to medial thigh | - Mostly covered by obturator membrane
107
Obturator canal
- Superior opening between obturator membrane and superior pubic ramus
108
Ischial spine and sacrotuberous ligament separate
- Greater and lesser sciatic foramina
109
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) parts
- Head - Neck - Greater trochanter - Lesser trochanter - Intertrochanteric line - Intertrochanteric crest
110
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) head
- Articulates with lunate surface of acetabulum | - Contains fovea capitis femoris
111
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) neck
- Contains Retinacular foramen | - Openings for retinacular vessels from the trochanteric anastomsis
112
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) greater trochanter
- Palpable, lateral projection - Attachment site for muscles - Contains trochanteric fossa
113
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) lesser trochanter
- Posteromedial projection for iliopsoas muscle attachment
114
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) intertrochanteric line
- Faint ridge on the anterior surface of the femur - Runs between the trochanters - Site of muscle and ligament/capsule attachment
115
Proximal femur (proximal epiphysis) intertrochanteric crest
- Prominent ridge on the posterior surface between the trochanters - Contains quadratic tubercle
116
Trochanteric fossa
- Depression on medial surface of greater trochanter | - Attachment for obturator externus
117
Quadrate tubercle
- Square shaped bump on the intertrochanteric crest | - Quadratus femoris attachment
118
Quadrate tubercle
- Square shaped bump on the intertrochanteric crest | - Quadratus femoris attachment
119
Parts of the femur shaft
- Linea aspera - Pectineal line - Popliteal surface - Nutrient foramen
120
Parts of the linea aspera (shaft of femur)
- Medial lip - Lateral lip - Intermediate lip
121
Linea aspera
- Ridge found on the posterior shaft | - Site of muscle attachment
122
Medial lip of linea aspera is continuous with
- Spiral line | - Medial supracondylar line
123
Spiral line
- Connects medial lip with intertrochanteric line
124
Medial supracondylar line
- Inferior continuation of medial lip (to the adductor tubercle)
125
Lateral lip of linea aspera continuous with
- Gluteal tuberosity | - Lateral supracondylar line
126
Gluteal tuberosity
- Superior continuation of lateral lip | - Can be enlarged (3rd trochanter)
127
Lateral supracondylar line
- Inferior continuation of lateral lip (to the lateral epicondyle)
128
Intermediate lip
- Can occasionally be seen superiorly
129
Pectineal line
- Ascends toward lesser trochanter | - Muscle attachment
130
Popliteal surface
- Posterior, distal aspect of femur shaft
131
Nutrient foramen
- Opening for nutrient artery - Angled superiorly - Most commonly around midshaft (varies) on the linea aspera
132
Distal femur articulates with
- Patella | - Tibia
133
Parts of the distal femur
- Medial condyle - Lateral condyle - Patellar surface - Intercondylar notch (fossa) - Intercondylar line
134
Medial condyle of femur contains
- Medial epicondyle | - Adductor tubercle
135
Medial epidondyle of femur
- Medial prominence on medial aspect of medial condyle | - MCL attaches
136
Adductor tubercle of femur
- Superior aspect of medial condyle | - Muscle attachment
137
Lateral epicondyle of femur
- Lateral prominence on lateral aspect of lateral condyle | - LCL attaches
138
Patellar surface of femur
- Anterior surface that articulates with the patella
139
Intercondylar Notch (fossa) of femur
- Posterior depression between the condyles | ACL and PCL attach
140
Intercondylar line of femur
- Faint line at the superior aspect of intercondylar notch | - Oblique popliteal ligament attaches
141
Ossification of pelvis
- Primary centers appearance - All 3 pelvic bones begin to fuse at age 13-18 at the acetabulum - Complete fusion by age 18
142
Ischiopubic ramus fuses
- By age 8
143
Ilium (ala) ossification
- 9th fetal week
144
Ischium (body) ossification
- 4th fetal month
145
Pubis (superior ramus) ossification
- 4-5th fetal month
146
Secondary ossification centers of pelvis
- Most appear around puberty | - Usually females before males
147
Examples of secondary ossification centers of pelvis
- AIIS - Acetabulum - Ischial tuberosity - Iliac crest - Pubic symphysis
148
Examples of primary ossification centers of pelvis
- Ilium - Ischium - Pubis - Ischiopubic ramus
149
Most secondary ossification centers of pelvis fuse by
- Early 20s (15-25)
150
Ossification of femur
- Primary ossification center appearance - Mid-shaft 7th fetal week - Secondary ossification center appearance
151
Secondary ossification centers of femur
- Femoral condyles - Femoral head - Greater trochanter - Lesser trochanter
152
Femoral condyles ossification
- Right after birth | - Fuses ~ 20 yrs
153
Femoral head ossification
- By 1st yr | - Fuses ~ 18-19 yrs
154
Greater trochanter of femur ossification
- Around age 4 | - Fuses ~ 18 yrs
155
Lesser trochanter of femur ossification
- Between 12-14, varies | - Fuses ~ 16-17yrs

Lower Extremity Anatomy (35 decks)

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