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Pharmaceuticals Flashcards

(94 cards)

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1
Q

Pharmacology?

A

pharmaceutical sciences concerned with drug or medication action

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2
Q

Pharmacodynamics

A

how the drugs effect the body

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3
Q

pharmacokinetics

A

How the body effects the drugs

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4
Q

Therapeutic index

A

The ratio that compares blood concentration at which a drug causes a therapeutic effect to the amount that causes death or toxicity

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5
Q

What does ADME stand for in pharmacology

A

absorption, distribution,
metabolism and excretion

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6
Q

Side Effect

A

A secondary undesirable effect of a drug

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7
Q

Adverse Reactions

A

Any unexpected or dangerous reaction to
a drug

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8
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE A

A

augmented reactions

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9
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE B

A
  • bizarre reactions
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10
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE C

A

continuing reactions

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11
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE D

A

Delayed reactions

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12
Q

Classification Adverse Drug Reactions TYPE E

A

end-of-use reactions

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13
Q

describe Suspected Adverse Reactions Surveillance Scheme (SARSS)

A

run by the VMD, where any unwanted or adverse
reactions to drugs can be reported

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14
Q

VMD

A

Veterinary medicines directorate

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15
Q

3 factors that are required for drugs to be successful

A

Reach the site where needed
Reach it at correct concentration
Present for the
correct length of time

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16
Q

Affinity

A

The “strength” of the bond between a receptor and the drug

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17
Q

Specificity

A

The ability of the drug to combine with one particular type of receptor

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18
Q

Efficacy

A

Inherent ability of the drug to induce a physiological response

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19
Q

Potency

A

activity of the drug in terms of the concentration
or amount needed to produce a defined effect

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20
Q

Agonists

A

Combine with the receptors, activating them and inducing a response

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21
Q

Antagonists

A

Combine with the receptors but do not activate them, so blocking a response
by stopping agonist using the receptor

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22
Q

Partial agonists

A

Combines with receptors allowing for a partial response

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23
Q

1st pass metabolism

A

The drug gets metabolized resulting in a reduced concentration upon reaching its site of action.

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24
Q

What factors affects Absorption Of Drugs

A
  • Lipid solubility of the drug
  • Formulation of the drug
  • The drugs stability to gastric acids and enzymes
  • The motility of the gut
  • Food in the stomach
  • First pass metabolism
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25
The rate of absorption depends on:
* Route of administration * Properties of the drug * Properties of the formulation
26
Bioavailability
The proportion of drug administered that reaches the systemic circulation
27
Distribution
The distribution of the drug throughout the body’s tissues from the circulation
28
Blood-brain Barrier limits what? which stops drugs entering the brain
hydrophilic molecules and proteins
29
What organs have selective uptake of drugs
Brain Testicles Placenta
30
hypoproteinaemia
A decreased concentration of protein in the blood
31
hypoalbuminaemia
a condition where your body doesn't produce enough albumin protein
32
albumin
Plasma Protein- responsible for binding and transporting substances. (e.g. DRUGS)
33
Drug Elimination occurs by two processes
Metabolised and excreted
34
What group of drugs are activated after being metabolised
ACE inhibitors
35
2 main issues arising from First-pass (Pre Systemic) Metabolism
Higher dose needs to be given orally than IV Patient variations caused due to different metabolism rates
36
drugs that undergo substantial pre-systemic elimination include:
* Chlorpromazine (sedative) * Lignocaine * Morphine and pethidine
37
4 main routes (organs) by which drugs and their metabolites leave the body
Kidney Biliary system Gastro-intestinal tract Respiratory system
38
Drugs Categories (13)
* Antimicrobial * cytotoxic * Immunosuppressive * Ecto- and endoparasiticides * Anti-inflammatory (NSAID and cortico-steroids) * Anti-epileptics * Diuretics * Vaccines * Analgesics (opiates) * Sedatives/tranquillizers * Anaesthetics * Anti-histamines * Anti-emetics
39
Endectocides
Drugs effective against ectoparasites and endoparasites
40
Name 2 types of Endectocides
Avermectins Milbemycins
41
Bronchodilator
Dilates the airways
42
Expectorants
Increase the volume of secretions in airways
43
Mucolytics
Breaks down secretions making them easier to cough up.
44
Antitussives
Suppresses the cough
45
Stimulants
Increase activity of nervous system
46
Nasal decongestants
Constrict nasal blood vessels, so reducing congestion,
47
Name GASTROINTESTINAL DRUGS (8) *PAAAAALE*
Emetics Anti-emetics Anti-ulcer drugs Prokinetics Anti-diarrhoeals Appetite stimulants Adsorbents Laxatives
48
Wide range of effectiveness
BROAD SPECTRUM
49
DRUGS THAT BLOCK
Occupy the receptor without stimulating it (antagonist)
50
An example of a drug that has a rapid decrease in MEC
Propofol
51
Minimum Effective Concentration (MEC)
lowest concentration level at which there is still therapeutic action
52
Downregulation
‘resistance’ - prolonged use
53
Upregulation
Increased sensitivity to prolonged exposure to drug
54
Synergism
Increases action of 2 or more drugs
55
Potentiation
The action of an ineffective drug enhances the action of another
56
Antagonism
A drug inactivates the action of another
57
Antimicrobials
‘A substance that has the ability of killing or inhibiting the growth of a micro-organism’
58
Name the 5 antimicrobials categories of drugs
Antibacterial Antiviral Antifungal Antiprotozoal Antibiotic
59
Antibiotic
A substance produced by a micro-organism that kills or inhibits growth of another micro-organism
60
Name topical antifungal medication
Miconazole Clotrimazole
61
Name the drug that kills Malassezia pachydermatis and ringworm
Miconazole
62
Drug to treat Toxoplasma gondii
Clindamycin
63
Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC):
A way to determine how sensitive bacteria are to the antibiotic
64
Antibacterial Modes Of Action (5)
Inhibit DNA synthesis Inhibit protein synthesis Inhibit cell wall synthesis Inhibit cell membrane function Inhibit other metabolic processes
65
Fluroquinolones mode of action
Inhibit DNA synthesis
66
Tetracyclines mode of action
Inhibit protein synthesis
67
Penicillin mode of action
Inhibit cell wall synthesis
68
Polymyxins mode of action
Inhibit cell membrane function
69
Bactericidal drugs (5)
ß-lactams Aminoglycosides Fluoroquinolones Potentiated sulphonamides Nitroimidazoles
70
Bacteriostatic drugs (2)
Tetracyclines Chloramphenicol
71
Bacteriostatic & bactericidal drug example
Macrolides Lincosamides
72
Beta-Lactams mode of action
Prevent cell wall synthesis
73
Aminoglycosides
mode of action
74
Fluoroquinolones
Damage DNA
75
Tetracyclines
Interfere with protein synthesis
76
Macrolides
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
77
Potentiated Sulphonamides
Inhibit pathway of folic acid synthesis
78
Lincosamides
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
79
Nitroimidazoles
Damage bacterial DNA
80
Chloramphenicol
Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis
81
Name two emetics
Apomorphine Xylazine
82
define Anti-emetics
Used to prevent vomiting in patients
83
NAme the 5 anti-emetics
Metoclopramide Phenothiazines Antihistamines Anticholinergics Butyrophenones
84
When a cell divides, how long does mitosis typically take
1 hour
85
Alkylating agents
A type of drug that is used in the treatment of cancer
86
Formula for working out chemotherapy drugs
Surface area = BW0.67 x K / 104
87
what is (COX)
cyclo-oxygenase
88
COX-1:
normal physiological function
89
COX-2
inflammatory response
90
Antihistamines
These drugs inhibit the action or release of histamine
91
what is histamine
pro-inflammatory protein
92
function of H1 antagonists
block the histamine responsible for capillary permeability, redness and swelling
93
H2 antagonists
block histamine associated with gastric acid secretions
94
What type of antihistamines are chlorphenamine and cetirizine
H1

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