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anatomical direction > Respiratory system > Flashcards

Respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

Put in order the most soluble to the least soluble
Oxygen
Carbon Dioxide
Nitrogen

A

Carbon dioxide
Oxygen
Carbon dioxide

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2
Q

Oxygen + glucose energy + CO2 + water vapour

A

Respiration

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3
Q

Function of respiration

A

Inspire oxygen
expire carbon dioxide
Voice production
Temp regulation
acid base balance
Sense of smell

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4
Q

Define EXTERNAL respiration

A

Gaseous exchange between the air and the blood

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5
Q

Define Internal respiration

A

Gaseous exchange between the blood and the tissues

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6
Q

Structures involved in upper respiratory

A

(nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx and larynx)

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7
Q

Structures involved in lower respiratory tract

A

trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, lungs and alveoli

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8
Q

Percentage of nitrogenous gasses inspired and expired

A

Inspired: 79%
Expired: 79%

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9
Q

Percentage of oxygen inspired and expired

A

Inspired:21%
Expired: 16%

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10
Q

Percentage of carbon dioxide inspired and expired

A

Inspired: 0.04%
Expired: 4.5%

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11
Q

Structures within the nose

A

Nasal cavity and turbinate bones

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12
Q

PHARYNX

A

Cavity at back of mouth leading to the oesophagus and trachea

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13
Q

LARYNX

A

Between the pharynx and trachea, the voice box

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14
Q

TRACHEA

A

The windpipe running from the larynx down the neck and into the thorax

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15
Q

BRONCHI

A

Divisions and branches of the trachea entering the lungs

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16
Q

ALVEOLI

A

Tiny air filled sacs within the lungs where gaseous exchange occurs

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17
Q

Nose and Nasal Cavity functions

A

Warming
Filtering
Moistening

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18
Q

What tissue lines the nasal cavity

A

Ciliated mucous
epithelium

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19
Q

Location, structure and function of Turbinates?

A

Nasal cavity
scrolled bones
cooling of air?

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20
Q

Tissue covering external Rhinarium

A

stratified
squamous epidermis
(containing glands)

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21
Q

Alar folds

A

The scrolls of the external Rhinarium

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22
Q

Philtrum

A

line down to mouth

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23
Q

What is TRE

A

typical respiratory epithelium

ciliated pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium with
goblet cells

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24
Q

Where is TRE found in the body

A

Upper respiratory tract

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25
What are sinuses?
A sinus is an air-filled cavity lying within a bone
26
location of The Frontal Sinus
Lies within the frontal bone of the skull, above and between the eyes
27
Location of The Maxillary Sinus
Lies between the maxillary bone and the palatine bone just below each eye
28
What are the three sections the pharynx is split into?
Nasopharynx (dorsally) Oropharynx (ventrally) Laryngopharynx
29
What splits the pharynx the Nasopharynx and Oropharynx.
The soft palate
30
Purpose of Eustachian or auditory tubes
Ensure air pressure is equalised to protect the tympanic membrane
31
The Larynx
framework of cartilage, vocal cords and muscle that connects the pharynx and trachea
32
Function of the larynx
ensure that only gases pass down into the lower respiratory system
33
syrinx
sound producing organ of birds
34
What suspends the larynx
hyoid apparatus
35
hyoid apparatus
Bones that suspend the larynx
36
epiglottis
Elastic Cartilage flap that sits over the glottis
37
Glottis
The structure of boney cartilage forming a hole leading to larynx
38
Where is the epiglottis lying when breathing
over the Pharynx
39
List the laryngeal cartilages
Epiglottis Thyroid Arytenoid Cricoid
40
Location of hypoid apparatus
cranial end of the neck region, just ventral to the skull
41
What type of tissue is the Trachea made out of
Hyaline cartilage
42
Structure of trachea
permanently open by rings of cartilage Between these rings are annular ligaments made up of fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle
43
bifurcation of trachea
Where the trachea splits into 2 Bronchi Above heart
44
muco-ciliatory escalator
Cilia which help to remove debris by their wave-like motion upwards
45
What does the muco- ciliatory escalator move
Mucus and debri up the trachea
46
Carina?
The carina is a ridge of cartilage in the trachea that occurs between the division of the two main bronchi
47
Foreign bodies entering the trachea are more likely to fall down which bronchi and why?
Right Bronchus The ridge of the Carina lies to the left of the midline.
48
The Bronchi
Continuation of trachea that enter the lungs
49
What tissue is bronchi made from
Walls contain smooth muscle
50
What is the last part of bronchioles called
terminal bronchiole
51
What are alveolis lined with
simple squamous epithelium
52
Lungs AKA
pleural cavities
53
Name the lobes of the lungs
Cranial - apical * Middle- cardiac * Caudal- diaphragmatic * The right lung has a 4th lobe – accessory
54
Surfactant
are compounds that lowers the surface tension of fluids and gases and facilitates movement of molecules across
55
TIDAL VOLUME
Amount of air breathed in and out in ONE respiratory cycle
56
RESIDUAL VOLUME
Air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration
57
MINUTE VOLUME
Amount of air moving in and out of lungs during a minute
58
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
Total amount of air that can be inspired (based on 1 breath)
59
EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (ERV)
total volume of air that can be voluntarily expired in normal breathing
60
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME (IRV)
volume of air that can be inspired above the tidal volume
61
VITAL CAPACITY
maximum amount of air that a person can expel from the lungs after first filling the lungs to their maximum extent
62
FUNCTIONAL RESIDUE CAPACITY (FRC)
Air left in lungs after a quiet respiration (Normal out after a normal breath in!)
63
DEAD SPACE
volume of air in respiratory tract that never reaches the alveoli
64
Spirometry
Measures volume of air held in the lungs during respiration
65
Normal Respiration Rates Dog
10–30/minute
66
Normal Respiration Rates Cat
20-30/minute
67
Normal Respiration Rates Rabbit
35–60/minute
68
Normal Respiration Rates G-pig
60 – 140/minute
69
Normal Respiration Rates Hamster
74–80/minute
70
Normal Respiration Rates Rat
60 – 140/minute
71
Normal Respiration Rates mouse
100 – 280/minute
72
Is pressure in the thorax neg or pos?
Pressure in thorax is negative
73
Muscles used in inspiration
External intercostal muscles Trapezius Pectoralis Scalenes Sternomastoid Clavomastoid Diaphragm
74
Muscles used in expiration
Internal intercostal muscles Obliques rectus abdominus
75
What is the Hering Breuer reflex
a reflex triggered to prevent the over-inflation of the lung.
76
Where are the chemorecptors located that monitor Oxygen levels in blood
carotid arteries and aortic arch
77
Where is blood monitored for hormones such as carbon dioxide
medulla of hindbrain
78
oedema
excess fluid collecting in the cavities or tissues of the body.
79
Pneumothorax
presence of air or gas in the cavity between the lungs and the chest wall, causing collapse of the lung.
80
Pyothorax
presence of pus within the chest cavity
81
Haemothorax
when blood collects between your chest wall and your lungs
82
Asthma/bronchospasm
muscles that line your bronchi tighten.

anatomical direction (22 decks)

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