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First Aid Neurology > Pharmacology 1 > Flashcards

Pharmacology 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do not use in closed-angled glaucoma

A

Epinephrine

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2
Q

Alpha-2 agonist, decreases aquemous humor synthesis

A

Brimonidine

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3
Q

Decreases aqueous humor synthesis via vasoconstriction

A

Epinephrine

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4
Q

Beta-blockers that decrease aqueous humor synthesis

A

Timolol, Betaxolol, Carteolol

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5
Q

S/E of Brimonidine

A

blurry vision, ocular hyperemia, foreign body sensation, Ax rxn, ocular pruritis

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6
Q

Diuretic that decreases aqueous humor synthesis via inhibition of carbonic anhydrase

A

Acetazolamide

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7
Q

S/E of Cholinomimetics on glaucoma

A

miosis and cyclospasm (contraction of ciliary muscle)

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8
Q

Darkens color of iris (browning)

A

Latanoprost (PGF2alpha), increases outflow of aqueous humor

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9
Q

Opioid Analgesics

A

Morphine, Fentanyl, Codeine, Loperamide, Methadone, Meperidine, Dextromethorphan, Diphenoxylate

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10
Q

Open K+ channels, close Ca2+ channels to decrease synaptic transmission and inhibit the release of ACh, NE, 5-HT, glutamate and substance P

A

Opioids

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11
Q

Morphine receptor

A

mu

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12
Q

Enkephalin receptor

A

Delta

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13
Q

Dynorphin receptor

A

Kappa

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14
Q

Cough Suppression

A

Dextromethorphan

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15
Q

Opioid to tx Diarrhea

A

Loperamide and diphenoxylate

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16
Q

Opioid receptor antagonist

A

Naloxone or Naltrexone

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17
Q

Mu-opiod receptor partial agonist and kappa-opioid receptor agonist; produces analgesia

A

Butorphanol

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18
Q

Very weak opioid agonist; also inhibits serotonin and NE reuptake

A

Tramadol

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19
Q

Toxicity of Tramadol

A

decreases seizure threshold

serotonin syndrome

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20
Q

Blocks thalamic T-type Calcium channels

A

Ethosuximide

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21
Q

Used for absence seizures

A

Ethosuximide (sucks to have silent seizures)

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22
Q

1st line (DOC) for acute status epilepticus

A

Benzodiazepines (diazepam and lorazepam)

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23
Q

1st line for eclampsia seizures

A

MgSO4

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24
Q

Lamotrigine S/E

A

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, so must titrate slowly

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25
1st line prophylaxis for status epilepticus
Phenytoin
26
First line for simple, complex and tonic-clonic seizures
Carbamazepine
27
1st line for trigeminal neuralgia
Carbamazepine
28
Used for peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, migraine prophylaxis, bipolar disorder
Gabapentin
29
Two direct-acting cholinomimetics that increase aqueous outflow through ciliary muscle
Pilocarpine, carbachol
30
Two indirect-acting cholinomimetics that increase aqueous outflow through ciliary muscle contraction and opening of trabecular meshwork
Physostigmine, echothiophate
31
Nonselective alpha agonist that decreases aqueous production
Epinephrine
32
Common side effect of sedative hypnotics
CNS depression
33
Occurs when sedative hypnotics are used long-term
Tolerance and physical dependence
34
Mechanism of action of benzodiazepines
Increase frequency of GABA-mediated chloride ion channel (GABAA) opening
35
Main route of metabolism for benzodiazepines
Hepatic
36
Useful side effect of benzodiazepines in patients undergoing stressful procedures or surgery
Anterograde amnesia
37
Three benzodiazepines that are metabolized only by Phase II conjugation and therefore is useful in elderly patients
Lorazepam, oxazepam, and temazepam
38
Two benzodiazepines that have active metabolites with long half-lives
Diazepam, chlordiazepoxide
39
Clinical uses of benzodiazepines
Anxiety, insomnia, alcohol detoxification, status epilepticus, spasticity
40
Reason why benzodiazepines are safer than barbiturates
Benzodiazepines work only in presence of GABA
41
Mechanism of action of barbiturates
Increase duration of GABAA chloride channel opening
42
Most serious side effects of barbiturates
Respiratory and cardiovascular depression
43
Barbiturates may precipitate this hematologic condition
Porphyria
44
Barbiturates decrease the effectiveness of many other drugs via this pharmacokinetic property
Induce CYP450
45
Effect of benzodiazepines and barbiturates on sleep architecture
Suppress REM
46
Three nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics that lack suppressive effect on REM and are preferred over benzodiazepines for the treatment of insomnia
Zolpidem, zaleplon, eszopiclone
47
Mechanism of action of zolpidem
Activates BZ1 subtype of GABAA receptor
48
Antiepileptic drug that can induce CYP450, is teratogenic, and can cause diplopia, ataxia, and blood dyscrasias; follows first order kinetics of elimination
Carbamazepine
49
Drugs of choice for generalized tonic-clonic seizures
Carbamazepine, phenytoin, valproic acid
50
Mechanism of action of Phenytoin, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
Blocks sodium channels
51
Antiepileptic agent that exhibits zero-order kinetics, causes fetal hydantoin syndrome, and induces CYP450
Phenytoin
52
Side effects of phenytoin
Gingival hyperplasia, nystagmus, diplopia and ataxia
53
Mechanism of action of valproic acid
Blocks sodium channels, T-type calcium channels, and increase GABA concentration
54
Drug of choice for myoclonic seizures that may also be used for absence seizures
Valproic acid
55
Antiepileptic drug that can cause fatal hepatotoxicity and neural tube defects
Valproic acid
56
Antiepileptic drugs that may also be used for bipolar disorder
Valproic acid, carbamazepine, gabapentin
57
Side effects of these drugs include nausea and vomiting, euphoria, dependence, tolerance, sedation, respiratory depression, constipation
Opioids
58
Tolerance to all effects of opioid agonists can develop except
Miosis, constipation
59
Strong opioid agonists
Morphine, methadone, meperidine, and fentanyl
60
Opioids used in anesthesia
Morphine and fentanyl
61
Opioid that can be given PO, IV, IM, and intrathecal to relieve anxiety associated with pulmonary edema
Morphine
62
Opioid available trans-dermally
Fentanyl
63
Opioid with antimuscarinic activity
Meperidine
64
Long-acting opioids used in the management of withdrawal states
Methadone, Buprenorphine
65
Opioid that can cause hyperpyrexic coma with MAOI and serotonin syndrome with SSRI
Meperidine
66
Moderate opioid agonists
Codeine, hydrocodone, and oxycodone
67
Partial opioid agonist that has a long duration of action and is resistant to naloxone reversal
Buprenorphine
68
Opioid antagonist that is given IV
Naloxone
69
Opioid Antagonist that is given orally
Naltrexone
70
DRUGS DRUGS
and more DRUGS

First Aid Neurology (16 decks)

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