Pharmacology & Medical Prescriptions Flashcards
Reviews basic pharmacology, drug classifications, prescription abbreviations, and medication administration terminology. (198 cards)
1
Q
Define:
Pharmacokinetics
A
The branch of pharmacology concerned with the movement of drugs within the body, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
Understanding pharmacokinetics is essential for determining the appropriate dosing regimen for patients.
2
Q
Define:
Pharmacodynamics
A
The study of the effects of drugs on biological systems and their mechanisms of action.
The pharmacodynamics of a medication explains why it can relieve pain effectively.
3
Q
Define:
Absorption
A
The process by which a drug enters the bloodstream from the site of administration.
The absorption of the medication was rapid due to its intravenous administration.
4
Q
Define:
Distribution
A
The dispersion or dissemination of substances throughout the fluids and tissues of the body.
After administration, the distribution of the drug was monitored to ensure it reached the target tissues.
5
Q
Define:
Metabolism
A
The biochemical process that modifies drugs into more water-soluble compounds for easier excretion from the body.
The liver is primarily responsible for the metabolism of many medications.
6
Q
Define:
Excretion
A
The process of eliminating waste products and drugs from the body, primarily through urine or feces.
Excretion of the drug occurs mainly through the kidneys.
7
Q
Define:
Bioavailability
A
The proportion of a drug that enters the circulation when introduced into the body and is available for therapeutic effect.
The bioavailability of the oral medication was lower than expected due to first-pass metabolism.
8
Q
Define:
Half-life
A
The time required for the concentration of a drug in the bloodstream to reduce to half its initial value.
The half-life of the drug is critical for determining dosing intervals.
9
Q
Define:
Steady-state
A
A pharmacokinetic condition where the overall intake of a drug is equal to its elimination, resulting in a stable concentration in the bloodstream.
Reaching steady-state is important for maintaining therapeutic levels of the medication.
10
Q
Define:
Therapeutic index
A
The ratio between the toxic dose and the therapeutic dose of a drug, indicating its safety margin.
A high therapeutic index suggests that the drug is safer for use in patients.
11
Q
Define:
Loading dose
A
A higher initial dose of a drug given to rapidly achieve therapeutic levels in the bloodstream.
The physician prescribed a loading dose to quickly manage the patient’s symptoms.
12
Q
Define:
Maintenance dose
A
The dose of a drug that maintains therapeutic drug levels after achieving the desired effect with a loading dose.
Following the loading dose, the patient will receive a maintenance dose to sustain the effect.
13
Q
Define:
Dose-response curve
A
A graph that illustrates the relationship between the dose of a drug and the magnitude of its effect.
The dose-response curve helps in determining the optimal drug dosage for efficacy.
14
Q
Define:
Potency
A
A measure of the amount of a drug needed to produce a specific effect; higher potency means less drug is required.
The potency of the new analgesic was significantly higher than that of its predecessor.
15
Q
Define:
Efficacy
A
The ability of a drug to produce a desired therapeutic effect at its maximum dose.
The efficacy of the treatment was evaluated in clinical trials.
16
Q
Define:
Affinity
A
The degree to which a drug binds to its receptor, influencing its potency and efficacy.
A drug with high affinity for its receptor will exert effects at lower concentrations.
17
Q
Define:
Agonist
A
A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.
The drug acts as an agonist, stimulating the receptor to enhance its effects.
18
Q
Define:
Antagonist
A
A substance that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking or dampening the biological response.
The antagonist prevented the agonist from exerting its effect on the receptor.
19
Q
Define:
Partial agonist
A
A substance that binds to a receptor and activates it but produces a weaker response than a full agonist.
The drug functions as a partial agonist, providing some relief without full activation.
20
Q
Define:
Inverse agonist
A
A substance that binds to a receptor and induces a pharmacological response opposite to that of an agonist.
The inverse agonist reduced the activity of the receptor below its baseline level.
21
Q
Define:
Receptor
A
A protein molecule that receives and transmits signals from drugs or hormones, initiating a biological response.
The drug binds to the receptor, triggering a cascade of cellular events.
22
Q
Define:
Enzyme inhibition
A
The process by which a substance decreases the activity of an enzyme, affecting the metabolism of drugs.
Enzyme inhibition can lead to increased drug levels and potential toxicity.
23
Q
Define:
Enzyme induction
A
The process by which a substance increases the activity of an enzyme, often leading to decreased drug levels.
Enzyme induction can reduce the effectiveness of certain medications.
24
Q
Define:
First-pass effect
A
The metabolism of a drug before it reaches systemic circulation, often reducing its bioavailability.
The first-pass effect significantly impacted the oral bioavailability of the medication.
25
# Define:
Prodrug
A **medication that is administered in an inactive form** and is metabolized into its active form within the body.
## Footnote
The *prodrug* was designed to improve absorption and reduce side effects.
26
# Define:
Therapeutic window
The **range of drug doses** that produces the desired effect without causing toxicity.
## Footnote
Monitoring the *therapeutic window* is crucial for safe medication management.
27
# Define:
Toxicology
The **study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living organisms**, particularly the harmful effects of drugs.
## Footnote
*Toxicology* plays a key role in assessing the safety of new pharmaceuticals.
28
# Define:
Adverse drug reaction (ADR)
An **unintended and harmful reaction** occurring after the administration of a drug.
## Footnote
The patient experienced an *adverse drug reaction* requiring immediate medical attention.
29
# Define:
Side effect
An **unintended effect of a drug** that occurs in addition to the intended therapeutic effect.
## Footnote
The *side effect* of the medication included mild drowsiness.
30
# Define:
Idiosyncratic reaction
An **unusual or unexpected response to a drug** that is specific to an individual.
## Footnote
The patient had an *idiosyncratic reaction* to the antibiotic that was not documented in clinical trials.
31
# Define:
Drug tolerance
A **phenomenon where the body becomes accustomed to a drug over time**, requiring higher doses to achieve the same effect.
## Footnote
The patient developed *drug tolerance*, necessitating an increase in their medication dosage.
32
# Define:
Drug dependence
A **condition resulting from the regular use of a drug**, leading to withdrawal symptoms when the drug is not taken.
## Footnote
The patient was diagnosed with *drug dependence* and required a tapering schedule.
33
# Define:
Drug withdrawal
The physical and mental **symptoms** that occur after **stopping or reducing the intake of a drug**.
## Footnote
The patient experienced *drug withdrawal* symptoms after discontinuing the medication.
34
# Define:
Drug interaction
A situation in which **one drug affects the activity of another drug** when both are administered together.
## Footnote
The doctor reviewed the patient's medications for potential *drug interactions*.
35
# Define:
Synergistic effect
An interaction between two or more drugs that results in a **greater effect than the sum of their individual effects**.
## Footnote
The combination of the two drugs produced a *synergistic effect*, enhancing pain relief.
36
# Define:
Additive effect
A drug interaction where the **combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of their individual effects**.
## Footnote
The *additive effect* of the medications was beneficial in managing the patient's symptoms.
37
# Define:
Antagonistic effect
An interaction where **one drug reduces or counteracts the effect of another drug**.
## Footnote
The *antagonistic effect* of the two medications led to inadequate pain control.
38
# Define:
Placebo effect
A **beneficial effect produced by a placebo**, which is due to the patient's belief in the treatment rather than the treatment itself.
## Footnote
The study noted a significant *placebo effect* among participants receiving inactive treatment.
39
# Define:
Contraindication
A specific situation or condition where a **drug should not be used** because it may be harmful to the patient.
## Footnote
The patient's allergy to penicillin was a *contraindication* for the prescribed antibiotic.
40
# Define:
Indication
A **valid reason for using a particular drug or treatment** based on its therapeutic benefits.
## Footnote
The *indication* for the medication was the management of chronic pain.
41
# Define:
Off-label use
The use of a **medication for a purpose not specifically approved** by regulatory agencies.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed the drug for *off-label use* in treating anxiety disorders.
42
# Define:
Narrow therapeutic index (NTI)
A situation where the **therapeutic and toxic doses of a drug are very close**, requiring careful monitoring.
## Footnote
Drugs with a *narrow therapeutic index* need frequent blood level checks.
43
# Define:
Polypharmacy
The **concurrent use of multiple medications** by a patient, often seen in elderly populations.
## Footnote
*Polypharmacy* can increase the risk of adverse drug reactions and interactions.
44
# Define:
Pharmacogenomics
The study of how **genes affect a person's response to drugs**, aiming to develop effective and safe medication tailored to individual genetic profiles.
## Footnote
*Pharmacogenomics* can guide personalized medicine approaches for better patient outcomes.
45
# Define:
Teratogenicity
The capability of a substance to **cause birth defects or developmental abnormalities in a fetus**.
## Footnote
The drug's *teratogenicity* is a critical consideration during pregnancy.
46
# Define:
Carcinogenicity
The potential of a substance to **cause cancer** in living tissue.
## Footnote
Researchers evaluated the *carcinogenicity* of the new chemical compound.
47
# Define:
Nephrotoxicity
The occurrence of **kidney damage** caused by a drug or toxic substance.
## Footnote
The patient's renal function was monitored for signs of *nephrotoxicity* due to the medication.
48
# Define:
Hepatotoxicity
The capacity of a substance to cause **damage to the liver**.
## Footnote
*Hepatotoxicity* was observed in patients taking the high-dose regimen of the drug.
49
# Define:
Neurotoxicity
The potential of a substance to cause **damage to the nervous system**.
## Footnote
Symptoms of *neurotoxicity* were reported following exposure to the chemical.
50
# Define:
Ototoxicity
The property of being **toxic to the ear**, leading to hearing loss or balance issues.
## Footnote
The antibiotic was noted for its *ototoxicity*, requiring hearing monitoring.
51
# Define:
Hypersensitivity
An **exaggerated response of the immune system to a drug**, leading to allergic reactions.
## Footnote
The patient exhibited *hypersensitivity* to the medication, requiring immediate intervention.
52
# Define:
Desensitization
The process by which a **patient becomes less responsive to a drug** after repeated exposure.
## Footnote
*Desensitization* can occur with prolonged use of certain medications.
53
# Define:
Tachyphylaxis
A **rapid decrease in response to a drug** after repeated doses over a short period.
## Footnote
The patient experienced *tachyphylaxis*, necessitating a change in medication.
54
# Define:
Antibiotics
Drugs used to **treat bacterial infections** by killing or inhibiting the growth of bacteria.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed *antibiotics* to treat the patient's bacterial pneumonia.
55
# Define:
Antivirals
Medications designed to **treat viral infections** by inhibiting the development and replication of viruses.
## Footnote
The patient was given *antivirals* to manage their influenza infection.
56
# Define:
Antifungals
Drugs that are used to **treat fungal infections** by killing or inhibiting the growth of fungi.
## Footnote
The *antifungals* were effective in clearing the patient's skin infection.
57
# Define:
Antiparasitics
Medications used to **treat infections caused by parasites**, such as worms or protozoa.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *antiparasitics* for the patient's intestinal infection.
58
# Define:
Analgesics
Drugs that **relieve pain** without causing loss of consciousness.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *analgesics* to manage postoperative pain.
59
# Define:
NSAIDs (Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs)
A class of drugs that **reduce inflammation, relieve pain, and lower fever** without the use of steroids.
## Footnote
The patient was advised to take *NSAIDs* for their joint pain relief.
60
# Define:
Opioids
Powerful pain-relieving medications that act on the **nervous system's opioid receptors**.
## Footnote
The *opioids* prescribed were effective in managing the patient's severe pain.
61
# Define:
Antipyretics
Drugs that **reduce fever**.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *antipyretics* to help lower the patient's high temperature.
62
# Define:
Antidepressants
Medications used to **treat depression** and other mood disorders.
## Footnote
The patient was started on *antidepressants* to manage their depressive symptoms.
63
# Define:
SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors)
A class of antidepressants that **increase serotonin levels** in the brain by inhibiting its reuptake.
## Footnote
The physician prescribed *SSRIs* to improve the patient's mood.
64
# Define:
SNRIs (Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors)
Antidepressants that **increase levels of serotonin and norepinephrine** in the brain by inhibiting their reuptake.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *SNRIs* for their anxiety and depression.
65
# Define:
MAOIs (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
A class of antidepressants that **inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase**, increasing levels of neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine.
## Footnote
The patient was advised about dietary restrictions while on *MAOIs*.
66
# Define:
Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)
A class of antidepressants that work by **blocking the reuptake of neurotransmitters**, primarily norepinephrine and serotonin.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed *TCAs* for the patient's chronic pain and depression.
67
# Define:
Antipsychotics
Medications used to **manage psychosis**, including schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
## Footnote
The patient was started on *antipsychotics* to control their symptoms of psychosis.
68
# Define:
Benzodiazepines
A class of medications that act as **central nervous system depressants**, used primarily for anxiety and sleep disorders.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *benzodiazepines* to help manage their anxiety.
69
# Define:
Anticonvulsants
Medications used to **prevent or treat seizures** in various types of epilepsy.
## Footnote
The neurologist recommended *anticonvulsants* for the patient's seizure management.
70
# Define:
Antihypertensives
Medications used to **treat high blood pressure**.
## Footnote
The patient's *antihypertensives* were adjusted to better control their blood pressure.
71
# Define:
Beta-blockers
Medications that **reduce blood pressure and heart rate** by blocking the effects of adrenaline on beta receptors.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed *beta-blockers* to manage the patient's hypertension.
72
# Define:
ACE inhibitors
Drugs that **inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme**, lowering blood pressure by preventing the formation of angiotensin II.
## Footnote
The patient was started on *ACE inhibitors* to help control their high blood pressure.
73
# Define:
ARBs (Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers)
Medications that **block the action of angiotensin II**, leading to vasodilation and lower blood pressure.
## Footnote
The physician switched the patient to *ARBs* for better blood pressure control.
74
# Define:
Calcium channel blockers
Drugs that **prevent calcium from entering heart and blood vessel cells**, leading to reduced heart workload and lower blood pressure.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *calcium channel blockers* to manage their hypertension.
75
# Define:
Diuretics
Medications that **promote the excretion of urine**, helping to reduce fluid retention and lower blood pressure.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *diuretics* to help the patient manage their heart failure symptoms.
76
# Define:
Loop diuretics
A type of diuretic that **acts on the loop of Henle in the kidneys** to promote significant diuresis.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *loop diuretics* to manage their fluid overload.
77
# Define:
Thiazide diuretics
A class of diuretics that **inhibit sodium reabsorption** in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron, commonly used for hypertension.
## Footnote
*Thiazide diuretics* are often the first-line treatment for high blood pressure.
78
# Define:
Potassium-sparing diuretics
Diuretics that help the **body retain potassium** while promoting the excretion of sodium and water.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *potassium-sparing diuretics* to avoid hypokalemia.
79
# Define:
Statins
Medications that **lower cholesterol levels in the blood** by inhibiting the enzyme HMG-CoA reductase.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *statins* to reduce the patient's risk of cardiovascular disease.
80
# Define:
Anticoagulants
Drugs that **prevent blood clotting**, used to reduce the risk of thrombosis.
## Footnote
The patient was placed on *anticoagulants* after their surgery to prevent clots.
81
# Define:
Antiplatelet agents
Medications that **inhibit platelet aggregation**, reducing the risk of thrombus formation.
## Footnote
The physician prescribed *antiplatelet agents* for the patient's history of heart attacks.
82
# Define:
Thrombolytics
Medications that **dissolve blood clots**, often used in emergencies such as heart attacks or strokes.
## Footnote
The patient received *thrombolytics* immediately after their stroke was diagnosed.
83
# Define:
Insulin
A **hormone** produced by the pancreas that **regulates blood glucose levels**; used as a medication for diabetes.
## Footnote
The patient required *insulin* therapy to manage their Type 1 diabetes.
84
# Define:
Oral hypoglycemics
Medications **taken by mouth to lower blood glucose levels** in patients with Type 2 diabetes.
## Footnote
The doctor adjusted the patient's *oral hypoglycemics* to improve blood sugar control.
85
# Define:
Corticosteroids
Anti-inflammatory drugs that **mimic the effects of hormones produced by the adrenal glands**, used to treat various conditions.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *corticosteroids* to reduce inflammation in their autoimmune disease.
86
# Define:
Bronchodilators
Medications that **relax and open the airways in the lungs**, commonly used to treat asthma and COPD.
## Footnote
The patient was given *bronchodilators* to alleviate their shortness of breath.
87
# Define:
Antihistamines
Drugs that **block the action of histamine**, used to treat allergic reactions and symptoms.
## Footnote
The *antihistamines* helped relieve the patient's allergy symptoms.
88
# Define:
Decongestants
Medications that **relieve nasal congestion** by constricting blood vessels in the nasal passages.
## Footnote
The patient used *decongestants* to alleviate their sinus pressure.
89
# Define:
Antiemetics
Drugs that prevent or **treat nausea and vomiting**.
## Footnote
The patient was administered *antiemetics* to control their postoperative nausea.
90
# Define:
Laxatives
Medications that **promote bowel movements and relieve constipation**.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *laxatives* to help the patient with their constipation.
91
# Define:
Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs)
Medications that **reduce stomach acid production**, used to treat conditions like GERD and ulcers.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *PPIs* to manage their acid reflux symptoms.
92
# Define:
H2 receptor antagonists
Drugs that decrease stomach acid production by **blocking histamine H2 receptors** in the stomach lining.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed *H2 receptor antagonists* for the patient's gastritis.
93
# Define:
Antacids
Medications that **neutralize stomach acid** to relieve heartburn and indigestion.
## Footnote
The patient took *antacids* after meals to alleviate their heartburn.
94
# Define:
Immunosuppressants
Drugs that inhibit or **prevent activity of the immune system**, used in organ transplantation and autoimmune diseases.
## Footnote
The patient was started on *immunosuppressants* to prevent organ rejection.
95
# Define:
Vaccines
Biological preparations that provide **immunity against specific infectious diseases**.
## Footnote
The *vaccines* administered helped protect the patient from influenza.
96
# Define:
Hormonal contraceptives
Medications that **prevent pregnancy** by altering hormone levels to inhibit ovulation.
## Footnote
The patient chose *hormonal contraceptives* as a method of birth control.
97
# Define:
Estrogens
A group of **hormones** responsible for the **development and regulation of the female reproductive system** and secondary sexual characteristics.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed *estrogens* to manage the patient's menopausal symptoms.
98
# Define:
Androgens
**Hormones** that promote the **development of male characteristics**; testosterone is the primary androgen.
## Footnote
*Androgens* play a key role in male puberty and fertility.
99
# Define:
Thyroid hormones
**Hormones** produced by the **thyroid gland** that regulate metabolism, growth, and development.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *thyroid hormones* to manage their hypothyroidism.
100
# Define:
Bisphosphonates
Medications used to **prevent the loss of bone density** and treat osteoporosis.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *bisphosphonates* to strengthen the patient's bones.
101
# Define:
Chemotherapy agents
**Drugs used to treat cancer** by killing or inhibiting the growth of cancer cells.
## Footnote
The patient began a regimen of *chemotherapy agents* to combat their cancer.
102
# Define:
Biologics
**Medications derived from living organisms** that are used to treat various diseases, including cancers and autoimmune disorders.
## Footnote
The patient was treated with *biologics* to manage their rheumatoid arthritis.
103
# Define:
Monoclonal antibodies
**Laboratory-produced molecules** that can mimic the immune system's ability to **fight off harmful pathogens** such as viruses.
## Footnote
The oncologist prescribed *monoclonal antibodies* to target the patient's specific cancer cells.
104
# Define:
Rx (Prescription)
A **written order** from a licensed healthcare provider for a **specific medication** for a patient.
## Footnote
The *Rx* indicated the required dosage and frequency of the medication.
105
# Define:
qd (Once daily)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken once each day**.
## Footnote
The prescription noted that the patient should take the medication *qd* for optimal results.
106
# Define:
bid (Twice daily)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken two times each day**.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to take the medication *bid* for consistent control of symptoms.
107
# Define:
tid (Three times daily)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken three times each day**.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed the medication to be taken *tid* for effective management of the condition.
108
# Define:
qid (Four times daily)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken four times each day**.
## Footnote
The patient was advised to take the medication *qid* to maintain stable drug levels.
109
# Define:
prn (As needed)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken only when required**, not on a fixed schedule.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to use the medication *prn* for pain relief.
110
# Define:
ac (Before meals)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken before eating**.
## Footnote
The medication was prescribed to be taken *ac* to optimize its absorption.
111
# Define:
pc (After meals)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken after eating**.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to take the medication *pc* to minimize gastrointestinal upset.
112
# Define:
hs (At bedtime)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken at bedtime**.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed the medication to be taken *hs* to aid with sleep.
113
# Define:
stat (Immediately)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be administered without delay**.
## Footnote
The order was marked *stat* due to the urgency of the patient's condition.
114
# Define:
po (By mouth)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be taken orally**.
## Footnote
The nurse administered the medication *po* as per the doctor's orders.
115
# Define:
sl (Sublingual)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be placed under the tongue** for absorption.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to take the medication *sl* for rapid relief.
116
# Define:
im (Intramuscular)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be injected into a muscle**.
## Footnote
The vaccine was administered *im* to ensure proper absorption.
117
# Define:
iv (Intravenous)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be injected directly into a vein**.
## Footnote
The patient received fluids *iv* to maintain hydration.
118
# Define:
sc or subq (Subcutaneous)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be injected under the skin**.
## Footnote
The insulin was administered *sc* to manage the patient's diabetes.
119
# Define:
gtt (Drops)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be administered in drop form**.
## Footnote
The eye drops were prescribed to be given in *gtt* for effective treatment.
120
# Define:
ung (Ointment)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a **medication should be applied as an ointment**.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended applying the *ung* to the affected area twice daily.
121
# Define:
supp (Suppository)
A form of medication designed to be **inserted into the rectum, vagina, or urethra** for systemic or local effect.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to use the *supp* for relief of constipation.
122
# Define:
tab (Tablet)
A solid dosage form of medication that is **taken orally**.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed a *tab* to be taken once daily.
123
# Define:
cap (Capsule)
A solid dosage form of medication **enclosed in a gelatin shell**, taken orally.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to swallow the *cap* whole with water.
124
# Define:
elix (Elixir)
A liquid dosage form of medication that contains a **sweetened hydroalcoholic solution**.
## Footnote
The *elix* was prescribed to help the patient with their cough.
125
# Define:
sol (Solution)
A **homogeneous mixture of two or more substances**, often used for injections or oral medications.
## Footnote
The medication was provided in *sol* form for easy administration.
126
# Define:
susp (Suspension)
A **liquid form of medication** in which solid particles are dispersed but not dissolved.
## Footnote
The *susp* must be shaken well before administration to ensure proper dosing.
127
# Define:
syr (Syrup)
A **concentrated solution of sugar in water**, often used to mask the taste of medications.
## Footnote
The pediatrician prescribed a *syr* to help the child take the medication more easily.
128
# Define:
mL (Milliliter)
A **unit of volume** in the metric system, commonly used to measure **liquid medications**.
## Footnote
The dosage was adjusted to 5 *mL* for accurate administration.
129
# Define:
mg (Milligram)
A unit of mass equal to **one thousandth of a gram**, commonly used to measure drug dosages.
## Footnote
Each tablet contained 500 *mg* of the active ingredient.
130
# Define:
mcg (Microgram)
A unit of mass equal to **one millionth of a gram**, often used for very small drug dosages.
## Footnote
The medication was prescribed at a dosage of 250 *mcg*.
131
# Define:
g (Gram)
A unit of mass in the metric system, used to measure the **weight of substances**, including medications.
## Footnote
The prescription called for 2 *g* of the medication to be taken daily.
132
# Define:
kg (Kilogram)
A unit of mass equal to **one thousand grams**, often used to measure body weight in medical settings.
## Footnote
The patient's weight was recorded as 70 *kg* during the examination.
133
# Define:
IU (International Unit)
A unit of measurement for the **activity of a substance based on its effect**, commonly used for vitamins and hormones.
## Footnote
The medication was dosed at 100 *IU* of vitamin D per day.
134
# Define:
tsp (Teaspoon)
A unit of volume commonly used in cooking and medicine, equal to **approximately 5 milliliters**.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to take 1 *tsp* of the liquid medication.
135
# Define:
tbsp (Tablespoon)
A unit of volume equal to **approximately 15 milliliters**, often used in cooking and medicine.
## Footnote
The dosage was set at 1 *tbsp* of the syrup for the patient.
136
# Define:
od (Right eye)
A medical abbreviation indicating the **right eye**, commonly used in ophthalmology.
## Footnote
The eye drops were prescribed for instillation in the *od*.
137
# Define:
os (Left eye)
A medical abbreviation indicating the **left eye**, commonly used in ophthalmology.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to apply the ointment in the *os*.
138
# Define:
ou (Both eyes)
A medical abbreviation indicating **both eyes**, commonly used in ophthalmology.
## Footnote
The eye drops were prescribed for use in *ou* for effective treatment.
139
# Define:
ad (Right ear)
A medical abbreviation indicating the **right ear**, commonly used in otology.
## Footnote
The ear drops were indicated for use in the *ad*.
140
# Define:
as (Left ear)
A medical abbreviation indicating the **left ear**, commonly used in otology.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed to administer the medication in the *as*.
141
# Define:
au (Both ears)
A medical abbreviation indicating **both ears**, commonly used in otology.
## Footnote
The doctor prescribed the ear drops for use in *au* for effective treatment.
142
# Define:
npo (Nothing by mouth)
A medical abbreviation indicating that a patient **should not consume food or drink**.
## Footnote
The patient was placed *npo* prior to surgery.
143
# Define:
IVPB (IV piggyback)
A method of administering medication intravenously by attaching a **secondary IV bag to the primary IV line**.
## Footnote
The antibiotic was delivered via *IVPB* to ensure continuous infusion.
144
# Define:
IVP (IV push)
A method of **administering medication** directly into the bloodstream through an **intravenous line in a rapid manner**.
## Footnote
The medication was given as an *IVP* for quick action.
145
# Define:
Route of administration
The **path by which a drug or substance is brought into the body**, affecting its pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics.
## Footnote
The *route of administration* can influence the drug's effectiveness and absorption.
146
# Define:
Oral administration
The method of delivering a **medication by mouth** for absorption through the gastrointestinal tract.
## Footnote
Most medications are designed for *oral administration* for convenience.
147
# Define:
Sublingual administration
A method of delivering **medication by placing it under the tongue** for rapid absorption into the bloodstream.
## Footnote
*Sublingual administration* allows for quick relief of symptoms.
148
# Define:
Buccal administration
A method of delivering **medication by placing it between the gums and the inner lining of the cheek** for absorption.
## Footnote
The medication was administered via *buccal administration* for improved absorption.
149
# Define:
Intravenous (IV)
The method of administering **medication directly into the bloodstream through a vein**.
## Footnote
*Intravenous (IV)* administration allows for rapid drug delivery.
150
# Define:
Intramuscular (IM)
The method of delivering **medication deep into the muscles** for absorption into the bloodstream.
## Footnote
The vaccine was given *intramuscularly (IM)* to ensure effective immunity.
151
# Define:
Subcutaneous (SubQ)
The method of administering **medication into the layer of fat beneath the skin** for gradual absorption.
## Footnote
Insulin is often administered *subcutaneously (SubQ)* for diabetes management.
152
# Define:
Transdermal
A method of delivering **medication through the skin via patches or gels** for systemic effect.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed a *transdermal* patch for continuous medication delivery.
153
# Define:
Inhalation
The method of delivering **medication directly into the lungs** via inhalers or nebulizers.
## Footnote
The *inhalation* method was used to provide quick relief for the patient's asthma symptoms.
154
# Define:
Topical
The method of **applying medication directly to the skin** or mucous membranes for localized effect.
## Footnote
The *topical* ointment was effective in treating the skin condition.
155
# Define:
Rectal administration
The method of delivering **medication through the rectum**, often used when oral administration is not possible.
## Footnote
The *rectal administration* of the drug was necessary due to the patient's vomiting.
156
# Define:
Vaginal administration
The method of delivering **medication through the vagina** for local or systemic effect.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed on how to use the *vaginal administration* of the medication.
157
# Define:
Infusion
The **slow and continuous administration of a medication** or fluid directly into the bloodstream.
## Footnote
The patient received an *infusion* of fluids to maintain hydration.
158
# Define:
Bolus
A **single, large dose of medication** administered rapidly, often intravenously.
## Footnote
The nurse administered a *bolus* of the medication to stabilize the patient's condition.
159
# Define:
Drip rate
The **speed** at which a **fluid is administered through an IV**, typically measured in drops per minute.
## Footnote
The *drip rate* was adjusted to ensure the patient received the correct fluid volume.
160
# Define:
Titration
The process of **adjusting the dose of a medication** to achieve the desired effect while minimizing side effects.
## Footnote
The physician recommended *titration* of the medication based on the patient's response.
161
# Define:
Dosing schedule
The **specific timing and frequency of drug administration** to achieve optimal therapeutic effect.
## Footnote
The *dosing schedule* was carefully planned to maintain steady drug levels.
162
# Define:
Medication reconciliation
The process of **comparing a patient's medication orders** to all of the medications that the patient has been taking to avoid errors.
## Footnote
*Medication reconciliation* is crucial during hospital admissions to prevent adverse effects.
163
# Define:
Adherence
The extent to which **patients follow their prescribed treatment regimen**, including medication timing and dosage.
## Footnote
Improving *adherence* is essential for effective management of chronic diseases.
164
# Define:
Compliance
The degree to which a **patient correctly follows medical advice**, including taking medications as prescribed.
## Footnote
The healthcare team worked to improve the patient's *compliance* with their treatment plan.
165
# Define:
Medication error
A **preventable event** that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm.
## Footnote
The hospital implemented new protocols to reduce the risk of *medication errors*.
166
# Define:
Dispensing
The process of preparing and giving **medication to a patient as per a prescription**.
## Footnote
The pharmacist was responsible for *dispensing* the medication accurately.
167
# Define:
Compounding
The preparation of personalized medications by **combining different ingredients** to meet specific patient needs.
## Footnote
The pharmacy specializes in *compounding* medications for patients with allergies.
168
# Define:
Formulary
A list of medications approved for **use within a specific healthcare facility or insurance plan**.
## Footnote
The hospital's *formulary* includes both generic and brand-name medications.
169
# Define:
Generic drug
A medication that has the **same active ingredients as a brand-name drug** but is sold under its chemical name after patent expiration.
## Footnote
The patient opted for a *generic drug* to save on costs.
170
# Define:
Brand-name drug
A medication marketed under a **specific name by a pharmaceutical company**, protected by patent.
## Footnote
The *brand-name drug* is often more expensive than its generic counterpart.
171
# Define:
Over-the-counter (OTC)
Medications that can be **purchased without a prescription**, typically used for common ailments.
## Footnote
The patient bought *over-the-counter (OTC)* pain relievers for mild headaches.
172
# Define:
Controlled substances
Drugs that are **regulated by law** due to their potential for abuse and dependence.
## Footnote
The physician must complete additional documentation when prescribing *controlled substances*.
173
# Define:
Schedule I-V drugs
**Categories of controlled substances** classified by their potential for abuse and accepted medical use, with Schedule I being the most restricted.
## Footnote
*Schedule I-V drugs* require strict regulatory compliance for prescribing.
174
# Define:
DEA number
A **unique identifier** assigned to healthcare providers by the Drug Enforcement Administration for prescribing controlled substances.
## Footnote
The physician's *DEA number* must be included on prescriptions for controlled substances.
175
# Define:
Prescription refill
The authorization to obtain **additional supplies of a prescribed medication** without a new prescription.
## Footnote
The patient requested a *prescription refill* for their chronic medication.
176
# Define:
Prior authorization
A requirement that a healthcare provider obtains **approval from a health insurance company** before a specific medication can be prescribed.
## Footnote
The medication required *prior authorization* to ensure coverage by the insurance plan.
177
# Define:
Black box warning
The **most serious warning** issued by the FDA, indicating that a drug carries a significant risk of serious or life-threatening adverse effects.
## Footnote
The *black box warning* highlighted the risk of severe allergic reactions.
178
# Define:
Medication guide
A **document** provided with certain medications that contains **essential information about the drug**, including risks and benefits.
## Footnote
The pharmacist provided a *medication guide* to explain the potential side effects.
179
# Define:
Patient counseling
The process of **providing information and education to patients** about their medications and health conditions.
## Footnote
*Patient counseling* is crucial for ensuring understanding and adherence.
180
# Define:
Drug label
The information provided on a medication package that includes **dosage, administration, warnings, and expiration date**.
## Footnote
Always check the *drug label* for proper dosing instructions.
181
# Define:
Unit dose
A **single dose of medication** prepared and packaged individually for administration to a patient at one time.
## Footnote
The pharmacy uses a *unit dose* system to minimize medication errors.
182
# Define:
Tapering
Gradually **reducing the dose of a medicati**on to minimize withdrawal symptoms or side effects.
## Footnote
The doctor advised *tapering* the medication to ensure a safe discontinuation.
183
# Define:
Reconstitution
The process of **adding a liquid to a powdered medication** to prepare it for administration.
## Footnote
*Reconstitution* of the antibiotic was necessary before administration.
184
# Define:
Incompatibility
A condition where **two or more substances react adversely** when mixed, potentially leading to harmful effects.
## Footnote
The nurse checked for *incompatibility* before mixing the medications.
185
# Define:
Stability
The ability of a drug to maintain its **identity, strength, quality, and purity** under specific conditions.
## Footnote
The *stability* of the medication was confirmed during the storage study.
186
# Define:
Dilution
The process of **reducing the concentration of a substance** in a solution, often by adding a solvent.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended *dilution* of the concentrated medication before administration.
187
# Define:
Infusion pump
A medical device used to **deliver fluids**, including medications, in a controlled manner over time.
## Footnote
The patient was connected to an *infusion pump* for continuous medication delivery.
188
# Define:
Medication barcode scanning
A method used to **verify medications by scanning barcodes** to ensure the right drug is given to the right patient.
## Footnote
*Medication barcode scanning* helps prevent errors in drug administration.
189
# Define:
Double-check system
A safety protocol where **two healthcare professionals independently verify a medication** before administration.
## Footnote
The *double-check system* was implemented to enhance patient safety.
190
# Define:
High-alert medications
**Drugs** that have a **high risk of causing significant harm** if used in error.
## Footnote
*High-alert medications* require additional safety measures during dispensing and administration.
191
# Define:
Risk evaluation and mitigation strategies (REMS)
A program required by the FDA to ensure that the **benefits of a drug outweigh its risks**, often involving additional safety measures.
## Footnote
The medication is subject to *REMS* due to its potential for serious side effects.
192
# Define:
Adherence monitoring
The process of tracking whether **patients are following their prescribed medication regimens**.
## Footnote
*Adherence monitoring* is essential for evaluating the effectiveness of treatment plans.
193
# Define:
Clinical pharmacist
A **pharmacist** who specializes in **optimizing medication therapy** and improving patient outcomes through direct patient care.
## Footnote
The *clinical pharmacist* worked closely with the healthcare team to manage the patient's medications.
194
# Define:
Medication therapy management (MTM)
A service provided by pharmacists to **optimize therapeutic outcomes for patients** through medication review and counseling.
## Footnote
The patient participated in *medication therapy management (MTM)* to ensure safe medication use.
195
# Define:
Drug formulary review
The process of **evaluating and updating the list of medications** approved for use in a healthcare setting.
## Footnote
The pharmacy department conducted a *drug formulary review* to assess new treatment options.
196
# Define:
Medication storage
The **proper handling and organization of medications** to maintain their effectiveness and safety.
## Footnote
*Medication storage* protocols help prevent degradation and ensure patient safety.
197
# Define:
Temperature-sensitive medications
**Medications** that must be **stored within a specific temperature range** to maintain their stability and efficacy.
## Footnote
The pharmacy monitored *temperature-sensitive medications* to ensure proper storage conditions.
198
# Define:
Automated dispensing cabinet (ADC)
A **locked storage device** that dispenses medications automatically, improving safety and efficiency in medication management.
## Footnote
The *automated dispensing cabinet (ADC)* helps reduce medication errors in the hospital.
