Skeletal System Flashcards
Explores major bones, common skeletal disorders, types of fractures, and diagnostic procedures like X-rays and MRIs. (100 cards)
1
Q
Define:
Cranium
A
The part of the skull that encloses the brain and supports the structures of the face.
The neurosurgeon carefully examined the cranium for any signs of fractures.
2
Q
Define:
Mandible
A
The lower jawbone, which is the largest and strongest bone in the face and holds the lower teeth.
She had a dental procedure to correct the alignment of her mandible.
3
Q
Define:
Maxilla
A
The upper jawbone that forms the central part of the facial skeleton and holds the upper teeth.
The orthodontist noted that the maxilla was slightly misaligned.
4
Q
Define:
Zygomatic Bone
A
The bone that forms the prominent part of the cheek and the outer edge of the eye socket.
He sustained an injury to his zygomatic bone during the game.
5
Q
Define:
Nasal Bone
A
Two small, rectangular bones that form the bridge of the nose.
The doctor confirmed that the nasal bones were intact after the accident.
6
Q
Define:
Hyoid Bone
A
A U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue and is not directly attached to other bones.
The pathologist examined the hyoid bone for signs of trauma.
7
Q
Define:
Clavicle
A
Also known as the collarbone, it connects the arm to the body and sits above the first rib.
He fractured his clavicle in a cycling accident.
8
Q
Define:
Scapula
A
The shoulder blade that connects the humerus (upper arm bone) with the clavicle.
The athlete experienced pain in her scapula after the workout.
9
Q
Define:
Sternum
A
The flat bone located in the center of the chest, also known as the breastbone, which connects the ribs.
The doctor pressed on the patient’s sternum to assess for tenderness.
10
Q
Define:
Ribs
A
The long, curved bones that form the rib cage, protecting the thoracic cavity and its organs.
He suffered a fracture in one of his ribs after the fall.
11
Q
Define:
Humerus
A
The long bone in the upper arm that extends from the shoulder to the elbow.
The x-ray revealed a break in the humerus.
12
Q
Define:
Radius
A
One of the two long bones in the forearm, located on the thumb side when the palm is facing up.
She sprained her radius during the gymnastics routine.
13
Q
Define:
Ulna
A
The second of the two long bones in the forearm, located on the opposite side of the radius.
The fracture was found in the ulna after the injury.
14
Q
Define:
Carpals
A
The eight small bones that make up the wrist, allowing for a wide range of motion.
The doctor examined the carpals for any signs of arthritis.
15
Q
Define:
Metacarpals
A
The five bones in the hand that connect the wrist to the fingers.
She fractured one of her metacarpals while playing basketball.
16
Q
Define:
Phalanges (Fingers/Toes)
A
The bones of the fingers and toes, with each finger having three phalanges and the thumb having two.
He injured his phalanges while practicing the piano.
17
Q
Define:
Vertebrae
A
The series of small bones that form the vertebral column (spine) and protect the spinal cord.
The MRI showed degeneration of the vertebrae in her lower back.
18
Q
Define:
Cervical Vertebrae
A
The seven vertebrae in the neck region of the spine, labeled C1 to C7.
The chiropractor adjusted her cervical vertebrae to relieve neck pain.
19
Q
Define:
Thoracic Vertebrae
A
The twelve vertebrae in the upper and mid-back, labeled T1 to T12, to which the ribs are attached.
The x-ray showed alignment issues in the thoracic vertebrae.
20
Q
Define:
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
The five larger vertebrae in the lower back, labeled L1 to L5, which support much of the body’s weight.
She experienced pain in her lumbar vertebrae after lifting heavy boxes.
21
Q
Define:
Sacrum
A
A triangular bone at the base of the spine, formed by the fusion of five vertebrae, connecting to the pelvis.
The injury affected her sacrum, causing significant discomfort.
22
Q
Define:
Coccyx
A
Also known as the tailbone, it is a small, triangular bone at the very base of the vertebral column.
She experienced pain in her coccyx after a fall.
23
Q
Define:
Pelvis (Hip Bone)
A
The bony structure at the base of the spine that connects the trunk to the lower limbs.
The doctor assessed the pelvis for any fractures after the accident.
24
Q
Define:
Ilium
A
The largest and uppermost part of the pelvis, forming the hip bone.
The fracture was located in the ilium.
25
# Define:
Ischium
The **lower and back part of the hip bone**, which supports the weight of the body when sitting.
## Footnote
He felt pain in his *ischium* after sitting for a long time.
26
# Define:
Pubis
The **front portion of the hip bone** that forms the pubic symphysis, connecting the left and right sides.
## Footnote
The injury was located in the *pubis*, causing discomfort.
27
# Define:
Femur
The **longest and strongest bone** in the human body, located in the thigh.
## Footnote
He broke his *femur* in a skiing accident.
28
# Define:
Patella
The **kneecap**, a small bone that protects the knee joint and aids in leg movement.
## Footnote
She dislocated her *patella* while playing soccer.
29
# Define:
Tibia
The larger and stronger of the two bones in the lower leg, commonly known as the **shinbone**.
## Footnote
The athlete suffered a fracture in the *tibia* during the game.
30
# Define:
Fibula
The **smaller of the two bones in the lower leg**, located parallel to the tibia.
## Footnote
He sprained his *fibula* while running.
31
# Define:
Tarsals
The **seven bones** that make up the ankle and the back part of the foot.
## Footnote
The podiatrist examined the *tarsals* for any signs of injury.
32
# Define:
Metatarsals
The **five long bones in the foot** that connect the tarsal bones to the toes.
## Footnote
She fractured one of her *metatarsals* while hiking.
33
# Define:
Calcaneus (Heel Bone)
The **largest bone in the foot**, forming the heel and supporting weight while standing and walking.
## Footnote
He injured his *calcaneus* after landing awkwardly.
34
# Define:
Talus
The **bone in the ankle** that sits above the calcaneus and connects with the tibia and fibula.
## Footnote
The doctor assessed the *talus* for any fractures after the fall.
35
# Define:
Orbit (Eye Socket)
The **bony cavity that houses and protects the eyeball** and its associated muscles, nerves, and blood vessels.
## Footnote
The CT scan showed a fracture in the *orbit*.
36
# Define:
Periosteum
A **dense layer of vascular connective tissue that envelops the bones** except at the surfaces of the joints.
## Footnote
The surgeon carefully detached the *periosteum* during the operation.
37
# Define:
Compact Bone
A **dense and strong type of bone tissue** that provides strength and support to the skeleton.
## Footnote
The outer layer of the femur is made up of *compact bone*, which helps withstand stress during movement.
38
# Define:
Spongy Bone
A **lighter, less dense type of bone tissue** found inside bones, characterized by a porous structure.
## Footnote
The interior of the vertebrae contains *spongy bone*, which helps reduce weight while providing structural support.
39
# Define:
Bone Marrow
A **soft, fatty tissue** found in the hollow interior of bones that produces blood cells.
## Footnote
The doctor extracted *bone marrow* from the patient's hip to analyze for any abnormalities.
40
# Define:
Epiphysis
The **end part of a long bone**, which is initially separated from the main bone shaft by a growth plate.
## Footnote
The *epiphysis* of the femur is crucial for joint movement and stability.
41
# Define:
Diaphysis
The **long, tubular shaft of a long bone** that connects the two ends (epiphyses).
## Footnote
The *diaphysis* of the femur is where the majority of the bone's length is found.
42
# Define:
Medullary Cavity
The **central cavity of a long bone** where bone marrow is stored.
## Footnote
The *medullary cavity* in the diaphysis is filled with yellow bone marrow in adults.
43
# Define:
Osteon (Haversian System)
The **fundamental functional unit of compact bone**, consisting of a central canal surrounded by concentric rings of bone matrix.
## Footnote
Each *osteon* is essential for the delivery of nutrients and removal of waste in bone tissue.
44
# Define:
Haversian Canal
The **central channel within an osteon** that contains blood vessels and nerves.
## Footnote
The *Haversian canal* allows for communication and nutrient exchange between bone cells.
45
# Define:
Canaliculi
**Small channels** that connect **osteocytes within bone**, allowing for the exchange of nutrients and waste.
## Footnote
The *canaliculi* facilitate communication between osteocytes in the bone matrix.
46
# Define:
Lacunae
**Small spaces within bone tissue** that house osteocytes.
## Footnote
Each *lacuna* contains an osteocyte, which plays a vital role in maintaining bone health.
47
# Define:
Osteocyte
A **mature bone cell** that helps maintain bone tissue by regulating calcium and phosphate levels.
## Footnote
The *osteocyte* is crucial for the ongoing remodeling of bone structure.
48
# Define:
Osteoblast
A **bone-forming cell** responsible for synthesizing and mineralizing bone during growth and healing.
## Footnote
*Osteoblasts* are essential for new bone formation following a fracture.
49
# Define:
Osteoclast
A **bone-resorbing cell** that breaks down bone tissue, releasing minerals back into the bloodstream.
## Footnote
*Osteoclasts* are important for bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis.
50
# Define:
Articular Cartilage
A **smooth, slippery tissue** that covers the ends of bones at joints, reducing friction and absorbing shock.
## Footnote
*Articular cartilage* allows for smooth movement in the knee joint.
51
# Define:
Synovial Fluid
A **viscous fluid** found in the cavities of synovial joints that lubricates and nourishes the cartilage.
## Footnote
*Synovial fluid* reduces friction between the articular cartilage during joint movement.
52
# Define:
Ligament
A **fibrous connective tissue** that connects **bones to other bones at a joint**, providing stability.
## Footnote
The *ligament* helps to stabilize the ankle joint during physical activity.
53
# Define:
Tendon
A **fibrous connective tissue** that connects **muscles to bones**, enabling movement.
## Footnote
The *tendon* attaches the biceps muscle to the radius bone in the forearm.
54
# Define:
Joint (Articulation)
The **point where two or more bones meet**, allowing for movement and flexibility.
## Footnote
The knee is a complex *joint* that facilitates walking and running.
55
# Define:
Synovial Joint
A **type of joint** characterized by a **fluid-filled cavity** that allows for a wide range of movement.
## Footnote
The shoulder is an example of a *synovial joint*, allowing for extensive arm movement.
56
# Define:
Fibrous Joint
A **type of joint** where **bones are connected by dense connective tissue**, allowing little to no movement.
## Footnote
The sutures in the skull are examples of *fibrous joints*.
57
# Define:
Cartilaginous Joint
A **type of joint** where **bones are connected by cartilage**, allowing for slight movement.
## Footnote
The intervertebral discs are examples of *cartilaginous joints*.
58
# Define:
Axial Skeleton
The **part of the skeleton** that consists of the **skull, vertebral column, and rib cage**, providing support and protection.
## Footnote
The *axial skeleton* protects vital organs such as the brain and heart.
59
# Define:
Appendicular Skeleton
The **part of the skeleton** that includes the **limbs and girdles**, facilitating movement.
## Footnote
The *appendicular skeleton* allows for a wide range of motion in the arms and legs.
60
# Define:
Growth Plate (Epiphyseal Plate)
A **layer of cartilage** located at the ends of long bones, responsible for bone growth during childhood and adolescence.
## Footnote
The *growth plate* is critical for the increase in length of long bones during development.
61
# Define:
Osteoporosis
A condition characterized by **weakened bones** and an increased risk of fractures due to loss of bone density.
## Footnote
*Osteoporosis* can lead to fractures with minimal trauma in older adults.
62
# Define:
Osteoarthritis
A **degenerative joint disease** caused by the breakdown of cartilage, leading to pain and stiffness.
## Footnote
*Osteoarthritis* often affects weight-bearing joints like the knees and hips.
63
# Define:
Rheumatoid Arthritis
An **autoimmune disorder** that causes chronic inflammation of the joints, leading to pain and deformity.
## Footnote
*Rheumatoid arthritis* can affect multiple joints symmetrically, causing significant discomfort.
64
# Define:
Paget's Disease
A **chronic bone disorder** that results in enlarged and deformed bones due to abnormal bone remodeling.
## Footnote
*Paget's disease* can lead to pain and increased risk of fractures in affected bones.
65
# Define:
Scoliosis
A **lateral curvature of the spine** that can occur in varying degrees of severity.
## Footnote
*According to the latest assessments, the patient has a mild case of scoliosis that requires monitoring.*
66
# Define:
Kyphosis
An **excessive outward curvature of the spine**, resulting in hunching of the back.
## Footnote
*Kyphosis* can lead to postural issues and discomfort in older adults.
67
# Define:
Lordosis
An excessive inward curvature of the spine, commonly known as **swayback**.
## Footnote
*Lordosis* can sometimes be observed in pregnant women due to weight changes.
68
# Define:
Osteomyelitis
An **infection of the bone** that can result from bacteria or fungi, leading to inflammation and pain.
## Footnote
The patient was diagnosed with *osteomyelitis* following a foot injury.
69
# Define:
Bone Cancer (Osteosarcoma)
A **type of malignant bone tumor** that most commonly occurs in the long bones of the arms and legs.
## Footnote
*Osteosarcoma* typically affects adolescents and young adults.
70
# Define:
Rickets
A **disease caused by vitamin D deficiency**, leading to softening and weakening of bones in children.
## Footnote
Children with *rickets* often present with bowed legs and delayed growth.
71
# Define:
Achondroplasia
A **genetic disorder characterized by dwarfism** due to abnormal cartilage formation affecting bone growth.
## Footnote
*Achondroplasia* is the most common cause of disproportionate short stature in children.
72
# Define:
Bursitis
An **inflammation of the bursa**, a small fluid-filled sac that cushions joints, causing pain and swelling.
## Footnote
*Bursitis* often affects the shoulder, elbow, or hip, making movement painful.
73
# Define:
gout
A **form of arthritis** characterized by sudden, severe attacks of **pain, redness, and swelling in the joints**, often caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals.
## Footnote
After a weekend of indulging in rich foods, he experienced a painful flare-up of *gout* in his big toe.
74
# Define:
herniated disc
A condition where the **inner gel-like core of a spinal disc protrudes through a tear in the outer layer**, potentially pressing on nearby nerves and causing pain.
## Footnote
The doctor diagnosed her with a *herniated disc* after she complained of persistent back pain radiating down her leg.
75
# Define:
spinal stenosis
A **narrowing of the spinal canal** that can put pressure on the spinal cord and nerves, leading to pain, numbness, and muscle weakness.
## Footnote
He was advised to avoid heavy lifting due to his *spinal stenosis*, which was causing significant discomfort.
76
# Define:
fibrous dysplasia
A **bone disorder where fibrous tissue develops in place of normal bone**, leading to weakened bones and deformities.
## Footnote
Her *fibrous dysplasia* was managed with regular monitoring and pain management strategies.
77
# Define:
marfan syndrome
A **genetic disorder affecting connective tissue**, characterized by tall stature, long limbs, and cardiovascular complications.
## Footnote
He was diagnosed with *Marfan syndrome* after his tall, slender build and heart issues were noted during a checkup.
78
# Define:
ewing sarcoma
A **rare type of cancer** that primarily affects bones or soft tissues, commonly found in children and young adults.
## Footnote
The oncologist explained that *Ewing sarcoma* usually presents with localized pain and swelling in the affected area.
79
# Define:
osteogenesis imperfecta
A **genetic disorder** characterized by **fragile bones that break easily**, often due to a deficiency in collagen production.
## Footnote
She lived with *osteogenesis imperfecta*, requiring special care to prevent fractures.
80
# Define:
carpal tunnel syndrome
A **condition** caused by **compression of the median nerve** as it travels through the wrist, leading to pain, numbness, and tingling in the hand.
## Footnote
After years of typing, he developed *carpal tunnel syndrome* and needed to wear a wrist brace.
81
# Define:
simple (closed) fracture
A **type of bone fracture** where the **bone breaks but does not pierce the skin**, usually resulting in less risk of infection.
## Footnote
The athlete sustained a *simple (closed) fracture* of his arm during the game.
82
# Define:
compound (open) fracture
A **fracture** where the **bone breaks and protrudes through the skin**, increasing the risk of infection and complications.
## Footnote
The emergency room staff quickly assessed his *compound (open) fracture* to prevent further injury.
83
# Define:
comminuted fracture
A type of **fracture** where the **bone is broken into several pieces**, often resulting from high-impact trauma.
## Footnote
The X-ray revealed a *comminuted fracture* in his leg after the car accident.
84
# Define:
greenstick fracture
An **incomplete fracture** common in children, where the **bone bends and cracks** but does not break all the way through.
## Footnote
The pediatrician noted that her son had a *greenstick fracture* after falling off his bike.
85
# Define:
transverse fracture
A **straight break across the bone** that is typically caused by a direct blow or stress to the bone.
## Footnote
His injury was classified as a *transverse fracture*, which required immobilization for healing.
86
# Define:
oblique fracture
A **fracture** that occurs at an **angle across the bone**, often resulting from a slanted force.
## Footnote
The sports doctor diagnosed her with an *oblique fracture* after she landed awkwardly during a jump.
87
# Define:
spiral fracture
A **fracture** caused by a **twisting or rotational force**, resulting in a spiral-shaped break in the bone.
## Footnote
The skiing accident resulted in a *spiral fracture* of his femur, necessitating surgical intervention.
88
# Define:
compression fracture
A **fracture** that occurs when the **bone is compressed**, leading to a collapse of the bone structure, often seen in vertebrae.
## Footnote
She was treated for a *compression fracture* in her spine after a fall.
89
# Define:
stress fracture
A **small crack in a bone** that develops from repetitive force or overuse, often seen in athletes.
## Footnote
The trainer suspected a *stress fracture* in her foot after she reported persistent pain during practice.
90
# Define:
avulsion fracture
A **fracture** that occurs when a **fragment of bone is pulled away by a tendon or ligament**, often due to a sudden force.
## Footnote
He suffered an *avulsion fracture* at the ankle while playing football.
91
# Define:
pathological fracture
A **fracture** that occurs in a **bone weakened by disease**, such as cancer or osteoporosis, rather than from trauma.
## Footnote
The oncologist explained that her *pathological fracture* was a result of the underlying bone cancer.
92
# Define:
impact fracture
A **fracture** that occurs due to a **high-energy impact or trauma**, often resulting in a break or crush of the bone.
## Footnote
After the fall from the ladder, he was diagnosed with an *impact fracture* of his wrist.
93
# Define:
x-ray (radiography)
A **diagnostic imaging technique** that uses **radiation** to produce images of the inside of the body, particularly bones.
## Footnote
The doctor ordered an *X-ray (radiography)* to check for any fractures in the injured arm.
94
# Define:
mri (magnetic resonance imaging)
A **non-invasive imaging technique** that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create detailed images of organs and tissues inside the body.
## Footnote
An *MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)* was performed to evaluate the soft tissue damage in her knee.
95
# Define:
ct scan (computed tomography)
A **medical imaging method** that combines X-ray images taken from different angles and uses computer processing to create cross-sectional images of bones and soft tissues.
## Footnote
The physician recommended a *CT scan (computed tomography)* to get a clearer view of the internal injuries.
96
# Define:
bone density test (dexas scan)
A **test** that **measures the density of bones** to assess the risk of fractures and diagnose osteoporosis.
## Footnote
She scheduled a *bone density test (DEXA scan)* to evaluate her bone health after menopause.
97
# Define:
bone biopsy
A **medical procedure** in which a **small sample of bone tissue is removed for examination** to diagnose diseases such as infections or cancer.
## Footnote
The doctor performed a *bone biopsy* to determine the nature of the lesion found on the X-ray.
98
# Define:
arthroscopy
A **minimally invasive surgical procedure** used to visualize, diagnose, and treat joint problems using an arthroscope inserted into the joint.
## Footnote
He underwent *arthroscopy* to repair a torn meniscus in his knee.
99
# Define:
bone scan (nuclear medicine test)
A **diagnostic imaging technique** that uses small amounts of **radioactive material** to detect bone diseases and conditions.
## Footnote
The physician ordered a *bone scan (nuclear medicine test)* to check for signs of infection in the bone.
100
# Define:
ultrasound (for joint and soft tissue evaluation)
An **imaging technique** that uses **sound waves** to create images of soft tissues and joints, helping to diagnose conditions such as tears or inflammation.
## Footnote
The doctor recommended an *ultrasound* to assess the swelling in her shoulder joint.
