Reproductive System Flashcards
Discusses male and female reproductive anatomy, common disorders like PCOS and prostate issues, and procedures such as Pap smears and hysterectomies. (168 cards)
1
Q
Define:
Ovaries
A
Female reproductive organs that produce eggs (ova) and hormones such as estrogen and progesterone.
The ovaries are essential for female fertility and hormone regulation.
2
Q
Define:
Fallopian tubes
A
Pair of tubes that transport eggs from the ovaries to the uterus and are the site where fertilization typically occurs.
The egg travels through the fallopian tubes after ovulation.
3
Q
Define:
Uterus
A
A hollow, muscular organ in the female pelvis where a fertilized egg implants and grows during pregnancy.
The doctor examined the uterus for any abnormalities during the ultrasound.
4
Q
Define:
Endometrium
A
The inner lining of the uterus that thickens during the menstrual cycle and is shed during menstruation if no pregnancy occurs.
The endometrium plays a crucial role in implantation during pregnancy.
5
Q
Define:
Myometrium
A
The middle muscular layer of the uterus that contracts during childbirth to help deliver the baby.
The myometrium contracts rhythmically during labor.
6
Q
Define:
Cervix
A
The lower part of the uterus that opens into the vagina and serves as a passageway for menstrual fluid and childbirth.
The doctor checked the cervix for dilation during labor.
7
Q
Define:
Vagina
A
A muscular tube leading from the external genitals to the uterus, serving as the birth canal and the passage for menstrual fluid.
The procedure involved inserting an instrument into the vagina for examination.
8
Q
Define:
Vulva
A
The external female genitalia, including the labia, clitoris, and vaginal opening.
She experienced discomfort in her vulva area.
9
Q
Define:
Labia majora
A
The larger outer folds of skin that protect the external female genitalia.
The labia majora are covered with pubic hair after puberty.
10
Q
Define:
Labia minora
A
The smaller inner folds of skin located within the labia majora that protect the vaginal opening.
The labia minora are sensitive and can vary greatly in size and shape.
11
Q
Define:
Clitoris
A
A small, sensitive organ located at the top of the vulva, primarily responsible for female sexual arousal.
The clitoris contains many nerve endings, making it highly sensitive.
12
Q
Define:
Mons pubis
A
The rounded mass of fatty tissue located over the pubic bone in females, covered with pubic hair after puberty.
The mons pubis is often the site of hair growth in women.
13
Q
Define:
Bartholin’s glands
A
Glands located on either side of the vaginal opening that secrete fluid to lubricate the vagina.
The Bartholin’s glands can become blocked, leading to cysts.
14
Q
Define:
Skene’s glands
A
Glands located near the urethra in females that secrete fluid that helps lubricate the urethra.
The function of Skene’s glands is often overlooked in female anatomy.
15
Q
Define:
Hymen
A
A thin membrane that partially covers the vaginal opening; its presence and condition can vary widely among individuals.
The hymen can be stretched or torn during various activities, not just intercourse.
16
Q
Define:
Fimbriae
A
Finger-like projections at the end of the fallopian tubes that help guide the egg from the ovary into the tube.
The fimbriae play a crucial role in capturing the egg after ovulation.
17
Q
Define:
Broad ligament
A
A wide fold of peritoneum that supports the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries, anchoring them in place.
The broad ligament helps maintain the position of the reproductive organs.
18
Q
Define:
Round ligament
A
A ligament that supports the uterus by attaching it to the labia majora and helps maintain its position during pregnancy.
The round ligament can cause pain during pregnancy as it stretches.
19
Q
Define:
Ovarian follicle
A
A structure in the ovary that contains an immature egg and the surrounding cells that nourish and protect it.
Each menstrual cycle, several ovarian follicles mature, but usually only one will release an egg.
20
Q
Define:
Corpus luteum
A
The structure that forms from the ovarian follicle after it releases an egg, producing hormones to support pregnancy.
If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum continues to produce hormones until the placenta takes over.
21
Q
Define:
Testes
A
Male reproductive organs that produce sperm and hormones, primarily testosterone.
The testes are located in the scrotum to maintain a temperature lower than the body for sperm production.
22
Q
Define:
Epididymis
A
A coiled tube located at the back of each testis where sperm mature and are stored.
Sperm gain motility while they are in the epididymis.
23
Q
Define:
Vas deferens
A
The duct that transports sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct.
The vas deferens is cut during a vasectomy to prevent sperm from entering the semen.
24
Q
Define:
Seminal vesicles
A
Glands that produce a fluid that nourishes and helps transport sperm during ejaculation.
The fluid from the seminal vesicles makes up a significant portion of semen.
25
# Define:
Prostate gland
A gland that **surrounds the urethra and produces a fluid** that nourishes and protects sperm during ejaculation.
## Footnote
An enlarged *prostate gland* can cause urinary difficulties in older men.
26
# Define:
Bulbourethral glands (Cowper’s glands)
Glands located near the base of the penis that **secrete a pre-ejaculatory fluid** to lubricate the urethra.
## Footnote
The fluid from the *bulbourethral glands* helps neutralize acidity in the urethra.
27
# Define:
Urethra
The duct that **carries urine from the bladder and semen** from the reproductive tract to the outside of the body.
## Footnote
The *urethra* serves dual functions in males and females.
28
# Define:
Penis
The **male external reproductive organ** that delivers sperm to the female reproductive tract.
## Footnote
The *penis* is also involved in the excretion of urine.
29
# Define:
Glans penis
The **sensitive tip of the penis**, often covered by the foreskin in uncircumcised males.
## Footnote
The *glans penis* is highly sensitive and plays a significant role in sexual arousal.
30
# Define:
Scrotum
The **pouch of skin** that contains and protects the testes, helping to regulate their temperature.
## Footnote
The *scrotum* helps keep the testes at an optimal temperature for sperm production.
31
# Define:
Spermatic cord
A **bundle of blood vessels**, nerves, and the vas deferens that connects the testes to the abdomen.
## Footnote
The *spermatic cord* carries sperm from the testes to the ejaculatory duct.
32
# Define:
Seminiferous tubules
**Tiny tubules within the testes** where sperm production (spermatogenesis) occurs.
## Footnote
The *seminiferous tubules* are essential for male fertility.
33
# Define:
Leydig cells
**Cells located in the testes** that produce testosterone and other hormones.
## Footnote
The *Leydig cells* play a crucial role in male sexual development.
34
# Define:
Sertoli cells
**Cells in the seminiferous tubules** that support and nourish developing sperm cells.
## Footnote
The *Sertoli cells* are vital for the maturation of sperm.
35
# Define:
Prepuce (foreskin)
The **fold of skin** that covers the glans penis in males, which can be removed by circumcision.
## Footnote
The *prepuce* protects the sensitive glans penis.
36
# Define:
Ejaculatory duct
The **duct that carries sperm** from the vas deferens and fluid from the seminal vesicles to the urethra.
## Footnote
The *ejaculatory duct* is where sperm and seminal fluid mix before ejaculation.
37
# Define:
Tunica albuginea
A **tough fibrous layer** surrounding the testes and the ovaries that provides protection and structure.
## Footnote
The *tunica albuginea* helps maintain the shape of the testes.
38
# Define:
Dartos muscle
A **layer of smooth muscle within the scrotum** that helps regulate the temperature of the testes by contracting or relaxing.
## Footnote
The *dartos muscle* contracts when it is cold to reduce heat loss.
39
# Define:
Cremaster muscle
A **muscle that surrounds the spermatic cord and testes**, helping to elevate them during arousal or cold temperatures.
## Footnote
The *cremaster muscle* plays a role in temperature regulation of the testes.
40
# Define:
Gametes
**Reproductive cells** (sperm in males and eggs in females) that unite during fertilization to form a zygote.
## Footnote
The fusion of male and female *gametes* is essential for reproduction.
41
# Define:
Oogenesis
The process of **egg (ova) development in females** that occurs within the ovaries.
## Footnote
*Oogenesis* involves several stages of maturation before a mature egg is released.
42
# Define:
Spermatogenesis
The process of **sperm cell development in the testes**, resulting in the production of mature sperm.
## Footnote
*Spermatogenesis* occurs continuously throughout a male's reproductive life.
43
# Define:
Ovulation
The **release of a mature egg from the ovary**, typically occurring midway through the menstrual cycle.
## Footnote
*Ovulation* is triggered by a surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).
44
# Define:
Menstrual cycle
A **monthly cycle in females** involving the preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, which includes menstruation if fertilization does not occur.
## Footnote
The *menstrual cycle* typically lasts about 28 days but can vary among individuals.
45
# Define:
Follicular phase
The **first half of the menstrual cycle**, during which the follicles in the ovaries mature in response to hormonal changes.
## Footnote
The *follicular phase* ends with ovulation.
46
# Define:
Luteal phase
The **second half of the menstrual cycle** following ovulation, characterized by the presence of the corpus luteum which secretes hormones.
## Footnote
The *luteal phase* is important for preparing the uterus for potential implantation.
47
# Define:
Menstruation
The **shedding of the uterine lining** when pregnancy does not occur, resulting in vaginal bleeding.
## Footnote
*Menstruation* typically lasts between 3 to 7 days.
48
# Define:
Fertilization
The **union of a sperm cell and an egg cell**, resulting in the formation of a zygote.
## Footnote
*Fertilization* usually occurs in the fallopian tubes.
49
# Define:
Implantation
The process by which a **fertilized egg attaches itself to the lining of the uterus**.
## Footnote
Successful *implantation* is crucial for the continuation of pregnancy.
50
# Define:
Embryogenesis
The process of **development of the embryo** from the fertilization of the egg until the end of the eighth week of pregnancy.
## Footnote
*Embryogenesis* involves rapid cell division and differentiation.
51
# Define:
Gestation
The **period of development of an embryo or fetus** in the uterus from conception to birth.
## Footnote
*Gestation* in humans typically lasts about 40 weeks.
52
# Define:
Lactation
The process of **producing and secreting milk from the mammary glands** to feed an infant.
## Footnote
*Lactation* is stimulated by the hormone prolactin after childbirth.
53
# Define:
Puberty
The developmental stage during which a **child's body matures into an adult body** capable of sexual reproduction.
## Footnote
*Puberty* typically begins between ages 9 and 14 in girls and 10 and 15 in boys.
54
# Define:
Menopause
The time in a woman's life when **menstrual periods permanently cease**, marking the end of reproductive capability.
## Footnote
*Menopause* usually occurs between ages 45 and 55.
55
# Define:
Andropause
A **gradual decline in testosterone levels** in aging men, often associated with physical and emotional changes.
## Footnote
*Andropause* can lead to symptoms like fatigue and decreased libido.
56
# Define:
Libido
The **desire or drive for sexual activity**, influenced by various physical and psychological factors.
## Footnote
*Libido* can fluctuate based on stress, hormonal changes, and relationship factors.
57
# Define:
Erection
The process by which the **penis becomes firm, engorged, and enlarged** due to increased blood flow.
## Footnote
*Erection* is a physiological response often associated with sexual arousal.
58
# Define:
Ejaculation
The **release of semen** from the male reproductive tract during sexual climax.
## Footnote
*Ejaculation* typically occurs at the peak of sexual activity.
59
# Define:
Orgasm
The **peak of sexual excitement**, characterized by intense pleasure and the release of sexual tension.
## Footnote
*Orgasm* involves a series of physiological changes and is often accompanied by ejaculation in males.
60
# Define:
Estrogen
A group of hormones primarily responsible for the **development and regulation of the female reproductive system** and secondary sexual characteristics.
## Footnote
*Estrogen* levels fluctuate throughout the menstrual cycle and influence many bodily functions.
61
# Define:
Progesterone
A hormone produced by the corpus luteum that **prepares the uterus for implantation** of a fertilized egg and helps maintain pregnancy.
## Footnote
*Progesterone* is crucial for a successful pregnancy.
62
# Define:
Testosterone
The **primary male sex hormone** responsible for the development of male reproductive tissues and secondary sexual characteristics.
## Footnote
*Testosterone* levels can influence libido and physical strength in males.
63
# Define:
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that **stimulates the growth of ovarian follicles in females and sperm production in males**.
## Footnote
*FSH* plays a critical role in regulating the menstrual cycle.
64
# Define:
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that **triggers ovulation in females and stimulates testosterone production in males**.
## Footnote
*LH* levels surge just before ovulation.
65
# Define:
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
A hormone released by the hypothalamus that **stimulates the pituitary gland** to release FSH and LH.
## Footnote
*GnRH* is essential for the regulation of the reproductive hormone axis.
66
# Define:
Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
A **hormone** produced by the placenta **shortly after implantation**, often used in pregnancy tests.
## Footnote
*HCG* is responsible for maintaining the corpus luteum during early pregnancy.
67
# Define:
Prolactin
A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that **stimulates milk production** in breastfeeding women.
## Footnote
*Prolactin* levels increase during pregnancy and after childbirth.
68
# Define:
Inhibin
A hormone produced by the gonads that **inhibits the secretion of FSH**, helping to regulate the production of sperm and eggs.
## Footnote
*Inhibin* plays a role in feedback regulation of reproductive hormones.
69
# Define:
Oxytocin
A hormone that **stimulates uterine contractions** during labor and milk ejection during breastfeeding.
## Footnote
*Oxytocin* is often referred to as the 'love hormone' due to its role in bonding.
70
# Define:
Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH)
A hormone produced by ovarian follicles that helps **regulate the development of follicles** and is used as a marker of ovarian reserve.
## Footnote
*AMH* levels can indicate a woman's fertility potential.
71
# Define:
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
A hormonal disorder characterized by **irregular menstrual periods**, excess androgen levels, and polycystic ovaries.
## Footnote
*PCOS* can lead to infertility and other metabolic issues.
72
# Define:
Endometriosis
A condition where **tissue similar to the lining of the uterus grows outside the uterus**, causing pain and potentially infertility.
## Footnote
*Endometriosis* can lead to severe pelvic pain during menstruation.
73
# Define:
Uterine fibroids
**Noncancerous growths of the uterus** that can cause symptoms like heavy menstrual bleeding and pelvic pain.
## Footnote
Many women with *uterine fibroids* experience no symptoms at all.
74
# Define:
Ovarian cysts
**Fluid-filled sacs** that develop on the ovaries, often harmless but can cause pain or irregular menstrual cycles.
## Footnote
Most *ovarian cysts* resolve on their own without treatment.
75
# Define:
Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
An **infection of the female reproductive organs** often caused by sexually transmitted infections, leading to pain and fertility issues.
## Footnote
*PID* can result in long-term complications if left untreated.
76
# Define:
Cervical dysplasia
The **presence of abnormal cells on the cervix**, which can be a precursor to cervical cancer.
## Footnote
*Cervical dysplasia* is often detected through Pap smears.
77
# Define:
Cervical cancer
A **type of cancer** that occurs in the **cervix**, often associated with persistent infection by human papillomavirus (HPV).
## Footnote
Regular screening can help detect *cervical cancer* early when it is most treatable.
78
# Define:
Ovarian cancer
Cancer that **begins in the ovaries**, often diagnosed at a later stage due to vague symptoms.
## Footnote
*Ovarian cancer* is often referred to as the 'silent killer' because symptoms can be subtle.
79
# Define:
Uterine (endometrial) cancer
Cancer that **originates in the lining of the uterus**, often presenting with abnormal vaginal bleeding.
## Footnote
*Uterine cancer* is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system.
80
# Define:
Breast cancer
A type of cancer that **develops in the breast tissue**, with risk factors including genetics and hormonal factors.
## Footnote
*Breast cancer* screening is vital for early detection and treatment.
81
# Define:
Vaginitis
**Inflammation of the vagina**, often causing discomfort, discharge, and itching, usually due to infection or hormonal changes.
## Footnote
*Vaginitis* can be caused by yeast infections, bacterial infections, or irritants.
82
# Define:
Vulvodynia
**Chronic pain or discomfort in the vulvar area** without an identifiable cause, often impacting sexual function.
## Footnote
*Vulvodynia* can severely affect a woman's quality of life.
83
# Define:
Dyspareunia
**Painful intercourse** due to various underlying medical or psychological conditions.
## Footnote
*Dyspareunia* can affect both men and women and may require medical evaluation.
84
# Define:
Amenorrhea
The **absence of menstruation for three or more consecutive months**, which can be caused by various factors.
## Footnote
*Amenorrhea* can be a sign of pregnancy, hormonal imbalance, or other health issues.
85
# Define:
Dysmenorrhea
**Painful menstruation**, often characterized by cramps, which can disrupt daily activities.
## Footnote
*Dysmenorrhea* can be managed with medication and lifestyle changes.
86
# Define:
Menorrhagia
**Excessive or prolonged menstrual bleeding** that can interfere with daily life and may indicate an underlying health issue.
## Footnote
*Menorrhagia* can be caused by hormonal imbalances or uterine abnormalities.
87
# Define:
Oligomenorrhea
**Infrequent menstrual periods**, typically defined as having cycles longer than 35 days.
## Footnote
*Oligomenorrhea* can be caused by hormonal imbalances or lifestyle factors.
88
# Define:
Ectopic pregnancy
A **pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus**, usually in a fallopian tube, which can be life-threatening if not treated.
## Footnote
*Ectopic pregnancy* requires immediate medical attention.
89
# Define:
Preeclampsia
A **pregnancy complication** characterized by **high blood pressure** and signs of damage to other organ systems, often requiring delivery.
## Footnote
*Preeclampsia* can pose serious risks to both mother and baby.
90
# Define:
Gestational diabetes
A **form of diabetes** that develops during **pregnancy** and usually resolves after childbirth, but may increase future diabetes risk.
## Footnote
*Gestational diabetes* requires careful monitoring and management to ensure a healthy pregnancy.
91
# Define:
Prostatitis
**Inflammation of the prostate gland** that can cause pain and urinary problems, often due to infection.
## Footnote
*Prostatitis* can be acute or chronic, affecting a man's quality of life.
92
# Define:
Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
**Non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland** that can lead to urinary symptoms such as difficulty urinating.
## Footnote
*BPH* is common in older men and can be managed with medication or surgery.
93
# Define:
Prostate cancer
A **type of cancer that occurs in the prostate gland**, often developing slowly and sometimes requiring treatment only if symptoms arise.
## Footnote
*Prostate cancer* screening is recommended for men over age 50.
94
# Define:
Erectile dysfunction (ED)
The **inability to achieve or maintain an erection** sufficient for sexual activity, which can have physical or psychological causes.
## Footnote
*ED* can be treated with medications, lifestyle changes, or therapy.
95
# Define:
Premature ejaculation
A condition in which **ejaculation occurs sooner than desired**, often with minimal sexual stimulation, impacting sexual satisfaction.
## Footnote
*Premature ejaculation* is a common issue faced by many men.
96
# Define:
Testicular torsion
A medical emergency in which the **spermatic cord becomes twisted**, cutting off blood supply to the testis, requiring immediate intervention.
## Footnote
*Testicular torsion* can lead to loss of the testicle if not treated promptly.
97
# Define:
Varicocele
**Enlarged veins within the scrotum** that can affect sperm production and may be associated with infertility.
## Footnote
*Varicocele* can sometimes be treated with surgery if it causes significant symptoms.
98
# Define:
Hydrocele
A **fluid-filled sac around a testicle**, often painless and usually harmless, but may require treatment if it causes discomfort.
## Footnote
*Hydrocele* can develop after injury or inflammation.
99
# Define:
Epididymitis
**Inflammation of the epididymis**, often caused by infection, leading to pain and swelling in the scrotum.
## Footnote
*Epididymitis* can be treated with antibiotics and pain relief.
100
# Define:
Orchitis
**Inflammation of one or both testicles**, which can be caused by viral or bacterial infections and may lead to pain and swelling.
## Footnote
*Orchitis* can sometimes occur alongside epididymitis.
101
# Define:
Testicular cancer
**Cancer that develops in the testicles**, often presenting as a lump or swelling, and is highly treatable when detected early.
## Footnote
*Testicular cancer* is most common in young men, making self-exams important.
102
# Define:
Hypogonadism
A condition in which the **body does not produce enough testosterone**, leading to various physical and emotional symptoms.
## Footnote
*Hypogonadism* can affect sexual function and overall health.
103
# Define:
Phimosis
A condition in which the **foreskin cannot be easily retracted over the glans penis**, potentially leading to discomfort or infection.
## Footnote
*Phimosis* may require treatment if it causes problems.
104
# Define:
Paraphimosis
A condition in which the **foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis**, leading to swelling and pain, requiring urgent treatment.
## Footnote
*Paraphimosis* is a medical emergency that needs to be addressed quickly.
105
# Define:
Peyronie’s disease
A condition characterized by the **development of fibrous scar tissue inside the penis**, causing curvature and pain during erection.
## Footnote
*Peyronie’s disease* can affect sexual performance and may require treatment.
106
# Define:
Infertility
The **inability to conceive after one year** of regular, unprotected sexual intercourse, affecting both men and women.
## Footnote
*Infertility* can be caused by various factors, including hormonal imbalances and anatomical issues.
107
# Define:
Oligospermia
A condition in which a man has a **lower than normal sperm count**, which can affect fertility.
## Footnote
*Oligospermia* can be diagnosed through a semen analysis.
108
# Define:
Azoospermia
The **absence of sperm in a man's semen**, which can be a cause of infertility and may require medical evaluation.
## Footnote
*Azoospermia* can be classified as obstructive or non-obstructive.
109
# Define:
Cryptorchidism
A condition where **one or both testicles fail to descend into the scrotum**, which can affect fertility if not treated.
## Footnote
*Cryptorchidism* is often corrected surgically in childhood.
110
# Define:
Hypospadias
A **congenital condition** in which the **urethral opening** is located on the underside of the penis rather than at the tip.
## Footnote
*Hypospadias* may require surgical correction for proper function and appearance.
111
# Define:
Pap smear
A **screening procedure for cervical cancer** that involves collecting cells from the cervix for examination.
## Footnote
A *Pap smear* is recommended for women starting at age 21.
112
# Define:
Colposcopy
A procedure that uses a **special magnifying instrument to examine the cervix and vagina** for signs of disease.
## Footnote
*Colposcopy* is usually performed after abnormal Pap smear results.
113
# Define:
Biopsy
A medical procedure that involves **taking a small sample of tissue for examination** to diagnose disease.
## Footnote
A *biopsy* can confirm the presence of cancerous cells.
114
# Define:
Mammography
An **X-ray imaging technique** used to **screen for breast cancer** by detecting tumors or abnormalities in breast tissue.
## Footnote
*Regular mammography* is recommended for women over 40.
115
# Define:
Pelvic ultrasound
An imaging test that uses **sound waves to create pictures of the organs in the pelvis**, often used to assess reproductive health.
## Footnote
A *pelvic ultrasound* can help identify cysts or tumors in the ovaries.
116
# Define:
Transvaginal ultrasound
An ultrasound technique that involves **inserting a probe into the vagina** to obtain detailed images of the reproductive organs.
## Footnote
*Transvaginal ultrasound* is often used in early pregnancy assessments.
117
# Define:
Hysterosalpingography (HSG)
A radiologic procedure that uses **X-rays and a contrast dye to examine the uterus and fallopian tubes** for blockages or abnormalities.
## Footnote
*HSG* is often performed for infertility evaluations.
118
# Define:
Laparoscopy
A minimally invasive surgical procedure used to **examine the organs inside the abdomen or pelvis** using a camera.
## Footnote
*Laparoscopy* can be used for both diagnosis and treatment of reproductive issues.
119
# Define:
Hysteroscopy
A procedure that uses a **thin, lighted tube to examine the inside of the uterus** for abnormalities such as fibroids or polyps.
## Footnote
*Hysteroscopy* can also be used to perform minor surgical procedures.
120
# Define:
Dilation and curettage (D&C)
A surgical procedure that involves **dilating the cervix and scraping the uterine lining** for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.
## Footnote
*D&C* may be performed after a miscarriage or to treat heavy bleeding.
121
# Define:
Endometrial biopsy
A procedure that involves **taking a sample of the endometrial lining for examination** to diagnose conditions such as cancer or hyperplasia.
## Footnote
An *endometrial biopsy* is often performed in cases of abnormal uterine bleeding.
122
# Define:
Cervical conization
A surgical procedure that **removes a cone-shaped section of the cervix** for biopsy or treatment of precancerous changes.
## Footnote
*Cervical conization* is often done after abnormal Pap smear results.
123
# Define:
Semen analysis
A test that evaluates the **quality and quantity of a man's sperm** to assess fertility.
## Footnote
A *semen analysis* measures factors like sperm count, motility, and morphology.
124
# Define:
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) test
A blood test used to **measure the level of PSA**, a substance produced by the prostate gland, often used to screen for prostate cancer.
## Footnote
An elevated *PSA* level may indicate prostate issues, including cancer.
125
# Define:
Digital rectal exam (DRE)
A physical examination in which a **doctor inserts a finger into the rectum** to check the prostate for abnormalities.
## Footnote
A *DRE* is often performed as part of a prostate cancer screening.
126
# Define:
Testicular ultrasound
An imaging test that uses **sound waves to visualize the testicles** and surrounding tissues to detect abnormalities.
## Footnote
A *testicular ultrasound* can help diagnose conditions like lumps or fluid accumulation.
127
# Define:
Testosterone level testing
A blood test that **measures the level of testosterone in the body**, used to evaluate hormonal health and conditions like hypogonadism.
## Footnote
*Testosterone level testing* is important for diagnosing hormonal imbalances.
128
# Define:
Vaginal swab
A **sample taken from the vaginal area** for laboratory testing to diagnose infections or other conditions.
## Footnote
A *vaginal swab* can help identify pathogens causing vaginitis.
129
# Define:
Hormone panel
A blood test that **measures multiple hormones at once** to assess hormonal balance and identify disorders.
## Footnote
A *hormone panel* can provide insight into reproductive health.
130
# Define:
Hysterectomy
**Surgical removal of the uterus**, which may be performed for conditions such as fibroids, endometriosis, or cancer.
## Footnote
A *hysterectomy* can be total or partial, depending on what is removed.
131
# Define:
Oophorectomy
**Surgical removal of one or both ovaries**, often performed to treat ovarian cysts or cancer.
## Footnote
An *oophorectomy* can lead to hormonal changes and affect fertility.
132
# Define:
Salpingectomy
**Surgical removal of one or both fallopian tubes**, often performed due to ectopic pregnancy or other conditions.
## Footnote
A *salpingectomy* can impact fertility, depending on the circumstances.
133
# Define:
Tubal ligation
A surgical procedure that involves **cutting or blocking the fallopian tubes** to prevent pregnancy.
## Footnote
*Tubal ligation* is a permanent form of female sterilization.
134
# Define:
Myomectomy
**Surgical removal of uterine fibroids** while preserving the uterus, often performed to relieve symptoms like heavy bleeding.
## Footnote
*A myomectomy* can help improve quality of life for women with fibroids.
135
# Define:
Endometrial ablation
A procedure that **destroys the endometrial lining of the uterus** to treat heavy menstrual bleeding.
## Footnote
*Endometrial ablation* is often recommended for women who do not wish to preserve fertility.
136
# Define:
LEEP procedure (Loop Electrosurgical Excision Procedure)
A surgical procedure that **uses a thin wire loop to remove abnormal cells from the cervix** for diagnostic purposes.
## Footnote
The *LEEP procedure* is often performed after abnormal Pap smear results.
137
# Define:
C-section (Cesarean section)
A surgical procedure used to **deliver a baby through incisions** in the abdominal wall and uterus, often performed when vaginal delivery poses risks.
## Footnote
A *C-section* may be planned or performed in emergencies.
138
# Define:
Mastectomy
**Surgical removal of one or both breasts**, typically performed to treat or prevent breast cancer.
## Footnote
A *mastectomy* may be followed by reconstructive surgery.
139
# Define:
Lumpectomy
A surgical procedure that **removes a tumor from the breast** along with a small margin of surrounding tissue, preserving the breast.
## Footnote
A *lumpectomy* is often followed by radiation therapy.
140
# Define:
Vasectomy
A surgical procedure for male sterilization that involves **cutting and sealing the vas deferens** to prevent sperm from entering the semen.
## Footnote
A *vasectomy* is considered a permanent form of contraception.
141
# Define:
Vasovasostomy (vasectomy reversal)
A surgical procedure to **reconnect the vas deferens after a vasectomy**, allowing sperm to enter the semen again.
## Footnote
*Vasovasostomy* can restore fertility for some men after vasectomy.
142
# Define:
Circumcision
The **surgical removal of the foreskin from the penis**, often performed for religious, cultural, or medical reasons.
## Footnote
*Circumcision* is commonly performed on newborn boys in some cultures.
143
# Define:
Orchiectomy
**Surgical removal of one or both testicles**, often performed to treat testicular cancer or hormonal disorders.
## Footnote
*An orchiectomy* can have significant effects on hormone levels and fertility.
144
# Define:
Prostatectomy
**Surgical removal of the prostate gland**, often performed to treat prostate cancer or benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).
## Footnote
*Prostatectomy* can lead to changes in urinary and sexual function.
145
# Define:
Penile implant surgery
A **surgical procedure to insert a device into the penis** to treat erectile dysfunction when other treatments have failed.
## Footnote
*Penile implant surgery* can restore sexual function in men with ED.
146
# Define:
IVF (in vitro fertilization)
A fertility treatment that involves **combining an egg and sperm outside the body** and then implanting the embryo in the uterus.
## Footnote
*IVF* can help couples struggling with infertility achieve pregnancy.
147
# Define:
IUI (intrauterine insemination)
A fertility treatment that involves **placing sperm directly into the uterus** during ovulation to increase the chances of conception.
## Footnote
*IUI* is often used when there are issues with sperm motility or unexplained infertility.
148
# Define:
Fertility preservation
Techniques used to **protect reproductive potential** before medical treatments or procedures that may affect fertility, such as chemotherapy.
## Footnote
*Fertility preservation* options include egg freezing and sperm banking.
149
# Define:
Chlamydia
A **common sexually transmitted infection** (STI) caused by the bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis, often asymptomatic but can lead to serious reproductive health issues.
## Footnote
*Chlamydia* can be effectively treated with antibiotics.
150
# Define:
Gonorrhea
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the **bacterium Neisseria gonorrhoeae**, which can affect both men and women and lead to serious complications if untreated.
## Footnote
*Gonorrhea* is typically treated with antibiotics.
151
# Define:
Syphilis
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the **bacterium Treponema pallidum**, characterized by distinct stages and can lead to serious health complications if left untreated.
## Footnote
*Syphilis* is treatable with antibiotics, especially in early stages.
152
# Define:
Human papillomavirus (HPV)
A group of viruses that can **cause genital warts and are associated with various cancers**, including cervical cancer; vaccines are available for prevention.
## Footnote
*HPV* is the most common sexually transmitted infection.
153
# Define:
Genital herpes
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the **herpes simplex virus (HSV)**, characterized by painful blisters and sores in the genital area.
## Footnote
*Genital herpes* can be managed with antiviral medications.
154
# Define:
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
A virus that **attacks the immune system** and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if not treated.
## Footnote
*HIV* is managed with antiretroviral therapy to maintain health.
155
# Define:
Trichomoniasis
A sexually transmitted infection caused by the **parasite Trichomonas vaginalis**, leading to symptoms like itching and unusual discharge.
## Footnote
*Trichomoniasis* is treatable with antibiotics.
156
# Define:
Hepatitis B
A viral infection that **attacks the liver**, potentially leading to severe liver disease, and is transmitted through blood and bodily fluids.
## Footnote
*Hepatitis B* can be prevented with vaccination.
157
# Define:
Hepatitis C
A viral infection that primarily **affects the liver**, often leading to chronic liver disease and can be transmitted through blood.
## Footnote
*Hepatitis C* can be cured with antiviral medications.
158
# Define:
Bacterial vaginosis
A condition caused by an **imbalance of bacteria in the vagina**, leading to symptoms like unusual discharge and odor.
## Footnote
*Bacterial vaginosis* can be treated with antibiotics.
159
# Define:
Oral contraceptive pills
**Hormonal pills** taken by women to **prevent ovulation and regulate menstrual cycles**, commonly used for contraception.
## Footnote
*Oral contraceptive pills* can also help manage conditions like PCOS.
160
# Define:
Intrauterine device (IUD)
A **small T-shaped device** inserted into the uterus to prevent pregnancy, available in hormonal and copper versions.
## Footnote
An *IUD* can provide long-term contraception and is highly effective.
161
# Define:
Contraceptive implant
A **small rod inserted under the skin of the arm** that releases hormones to prevent ovulation for several years.
## Footnote
The *contraceptive implant* is a convenient long-term birth control method.
162
# Define:
Contraceptive injection
A **hormonal injection** given to women every few months to prevent ovulation and pregnancy.
## Footnote
The *contraceptive injection* is an effective method for those who prefer not to take daily pills.
163
# Define:
Contraceptive patch
A **small adhesive patch** that releases hormones to prevent ovulation when placed on the skin.
## Footnote
The *contraceptive patch* is changed weekly for effective birth control.
164
# Define:
Vaginal ring
A **flexible ring inserted into the vagina** that releases hormones to prevent ovulation, used for contraception.
## Footnote
The *vaginal ring* is replaced monthly for continuous birth control.
165
# Define:
Barrier methods (condoms, diaphragms)
**Contraceptive methods** that physically block sperm from reaching the egg, including condoms and diaphragms.
## Footnote
*Barrier methods* are effective in preventing pregnancy and reducing STI transmission.
166
# Define:
Emergency contraception
Methods used to **prevent pregnancy after unprotected intercourse**, including pills and IUDs.
## Footnote
*Emergency contraception* is most effective when taken as soon as possible after unprotected sex.
167
# Define:
Fertility awareness methods
Natural methods of **tracking ovulation and fertility signals** to prevent or achieve pregnancy.
## Footnote
*Fertility awareness methods* require careful monitoring of the menstrual cycle.
168
# Define:
Withdrawal method
A contraceptive method where the **male withdraws the penis before ejaculation** to prevent sperm from entering the vagina.
## Footnote
The *withdrawal method* is less reliable than other forms of contraception.
