Respiratory System Flashcards
Discusses respiratory anatomy, common conditions like asthma and COPD, and medical procedures such as bronchoscopy and pulmonary function tests. (99 cards)
1
Q
Define:
Nose
A
The external part of the respiratory system that serves as the primary entrance for air and contains structures for olfaction (smell).
The doctor examined the patient’s nose for any signs of infection.
2
Q
Define:
Nasal Cavity
A
The large air-filled space behind the nose that is involved in the filtering, warming, and humidifying of inhaled air.
Air passes through the nasal cavity before entering the lungs.
3
Q
Define:
Nasal Septum
A
The cartilage and bone structure that divides the nasal cavity into two nostrils.
A deviated nasal septum can lead to breathing difficulties.
4
Q
Define:
Nares (Nostrils)
A
The external openings of the nasal cavity through which air enters and exits.
The patient had a blockage in one of her nares.
5
Q
Define:
Sinuses (Paranasal Sinuses)
A
Air-filled spaces located within the bones of the skull that help lighten the skull, resonate the voice, and produce mucus.
Sinusitis can occur when the sinuses become inflamed.
6
Q
Define:
Pharynx (Throat)
A
The muscular tube that connects the nasal cavity and mouth to the larynx and esophagus, playing a role in both respiration and digestion.
The doctor examined the pharynx for signs of infection or swelling.
7
Q
Define:
Nasopharynx
A
The upper part of the pharynx located behind the nasal cavity, which serves as a passageway for air.
Allergic reactions can cause swelling in the nasopharynx.
8
Q
Define:
Oropharynx
A
The middle part of the pharynx located behind the mouth, involved in both breathing and swallowing.
The doctor assessed the oropharynx for any obstructions.
9
Q
Define:
Laryngopharynx
A
The lower part of the pharynx that connects to the larynx and esophagus, facilitating the passage of air and food.
Swallowing involves the movement of food through the laryngopharynx.
10
Q
Define:
Larynx (Voice Box)
A
The organ located in the throat that contains the vocal cords and is responsible for sound production and protecting the trachea against food aspiration.
The singer’s larynx was examined for any signs of strain.
11
Q
Define:
Epiglottis
A
A flap of cartilage located at the root of the tongue that prevents food from entering the trachea during swallowing.
The epiglottis closes off the windpipe when swallowing.
12
Q
Define:
Vocal Cords (Vocal Folds)
A
Two bands of muscle tissue located in the larynx that vibrate to produce sound when air passes through them.
The vocal cords can become inflamed due to excessive shouting.
13
Q
Define:
Glottis
A
The opening between the vocal cords in the larynx that is responsible for sound production.
The doctor examined the glottis during the laryngoscopy.
14
Q
Define:
Trachea (Windpipe)
A
The tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi, allowing air to pass in and out of the lungs.
The trachea can become obstructed due to swelling.
15
Q
Define:
Bronchi (Primary Bronchi)
A
The two main branches of the trachea that lead directly into the lungs.
Air travels from the trachea into the bronchi before reaching the lungs.
16
Q
Define:
Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi
A
The branches of the primary bronchi that enter each lobe of the lungs.
The right lung has three secondary bronchi, while the left has two.
17
Q
Define:
Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi
A
The branches of the secondary bronchi that further subdivide within the lungs to supply specific lung segments.
Each tertiary bronchi supplies a distinct segment of the lung.
18
Q
Define:
Bronchioles
A
The smaller branches of the bronchi that lead to the alveoli, involved in the distribution of air within the lungs.
Asthma can cause constriction of the bronchioles.
19
Q
Define:
Terminal Bronchioles
A
The smallest branches of the bronchioles that lead directly to the respiratory bronchioles.
The terminal bronchioles are the last part of the conducting zone.
20
Q
Define:
Respiratory Bronchioles
A
The bronchioles that contain alveoli and are involved in gas exchange.
Oxygen enters the bloodstream in the respiratory bronchioles.
21
Q
Define:
Alveoli
A
Tiny air sacs in the lungs where the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs.
The alveoli are essential for efficient gas exchange.
22
Q
Define:
Alveolar Sacs
A
Clusters of alveoli that resemble bunches of grapes, where gas exchange occurs.
The alveolar sacs increase the surface area for gas exchange.
23
Q
Define:
Alveolar Ducts
A
The passageways leading from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveolar sacs.
Air travels through the alveolar ducts before reaching the alveolar sacs.
24
Q
Define:
Lungs
A
The pair of organs in the thoracic cavity responsible for gas exchange, allowing oxygen to enter the blood and carbon dioxide to be expelled.
The patient had reduced function in one of her lungs.
25
# Define:
Lobes (Right and Left Lung Lobes)
The **divisions of the lungs**, with the right lung having three lobes and the left lung having two, each responsible for gas exchange.
## Footnote
The right lung contains three *lobes*, while the left lung has two.
26
# Define:
Pleura (Visceral and Parietal)
The **double-layered membrane** surrounding the lungs, with the visceral pleura adhering to the lungs and the parietal pleura lining the chest wall.
## Footnote
Pleural effusion occurs when fluid accumulates in the *pleura*.
27
# Define:
Pleural Cavity
The **space between the visceral and parietal pleura** that contains pleural fluid, allowing for smooth lung movement during respiration.
## Footnote
Injury can lead to air accumulation in the *pleural cavity*.
28
# Define:
Diaphragm
The **dome-shaped muscle** located at the base of the thoracic cavity, playing a key role in breathing by contracting and relaxing to allow lung expansion and contraction.
## Footnote
The *diaphragm* contracts during inhalation, increasing lung volume.
29
# Define:
Intercostal Muscles
The **muscles located between the ribs** that assist in the expansion and contraction of the thoracic cavity during breathing.
## Footnote
The *intercostal muscles* help elevate the ribcage during inspiration.
30
# Define:
Thoracic Cavity
The **chamber of the body that houses the lungs and heart**, bounded by the ribs and diaphragm.
## Footnote
The *thoracic cavity* is essential for respiratory function.
31
# Define:
Mediastinum
The **central compartment of the thoracic cavity** that separates the lungs and contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and major blood vessels.
## Footnote
The *mediastinum* contains vital structures necessary for respiratory and cardiovascular functions.
32
# Define:
Capillaries (Pulmonary Capillaries)
Tiny blood vessels in the lungs where the **exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide occurs**.
## Footnote
The *pulmonary capillaries* facilitate gas exchange between the air and blood.
33
# Define:
Pulmonary Arteries
The blood vessels that **carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs** for oxygenation.
## Footnote
The *pulmonary arteries* branch off from the right ventricle.
34
# Define:
Pulmonary Veins
The blood vessels that **carry oxygenated blood from the lungs back to the heart**.
## Footnote
The *pulmonary veins* return oxygen-rich blood to the left atrium.
35
# Define:
Surfactant
A **substance** composed of **lipids and proteins** that reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing collapse and aiding in lung expansion.
## Footnote
*Surfactant* production is crucial for healthy lung function in newborns.
36
# Define:
Respiratory Membrane
The **thin barrier between the alveoli and capillaries** where gas exchange occurs.
## Footnote
Oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the *respiratory membrane*.
37
# Define:
Asthma
A chronic respiratory condition characterized by **inflammation and narrowing of the airways**, leading to difficulty breathing.
## Footnote
*Asthma* attacks can be triggered by allergens or exercise.
38
# Define:
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
A progressive lung disease that causes **breathing difficulties due to airflow obstruction**, often caused by smoking.
## Footnote
*COPD* can lead to severe respiratory complications.
39
# Define:
Chronic Bronchitis
A form of COPD characterized by **persistent cough and mucus production due to inflammation** of the bronchial tubes.
## Footnote
*Chronic bronchitis* is often associated with long-term smoking.
40
# Define:
Emphysema
A type of COPD that involves **damage to the alveoli**, leading to reduced surface area for gas exchange and difficulty breathing.
## Footnote
*Emphysema* can cause a barrel-chest appearance in patients.
41
# Define:
Pneumonia
An infection that **inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs**, which may fill with fluid or pus, causing cough, fever, and difficulty breathing.
## Footnote
The patient was diagnosed with *pneumonia* after presenting with severe cough and fever.
42
# Define:
Tuberculosis (TB)
A contagious bacterial **infection** primarily affecting the lungs, characterized by **cough, fever, and weight loss**.
## Footnote
*Tuberculosis* can be diagnosed with a skin test or chest X-ray.
43
# Define:
Lung Cancer
A **type of cancer** that begins in the **lungs**, often associated with smoking, and can lead to symptoms such as cough, weight loss, and chest pain.
## Footnote
*Lung cancer* is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide.
44
# Define:
Pulmonary Fibrosis
A lung disease that occurs when **lung tissue becomes damaged and scarred**, leading to difficulty breathing and reduced oxygen supply to the body.
## Footnote
*Pulmonary fibrosis* can progress rapidly and is often idiopathic.
45
# Define:
Pulmonary Hypertension
A condition characterized by **high blood pressure in the pulmonary arteries**, which can lead to heart failure if untreated.
## Footnote
*Pulmonary hypertension* often presents with shortness of breath and fatigue.
46
# Define:
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
A severe lung condition characterized by **rapid onset of widespread inflammation in the lungs**, leading to respiratory failure.
## Footnote
*ARDS* can occur after pneumonia or trauma.
47
# Define:
Interstitial Lung Disease
A group of disorders characterized by **inflammation and scarring of the lung tissue**, affecting the ability to breathe and exchange gases.
## Footnote
*Interstitial lung disease* can be caused by environmental exposure or autoimmune disorders.
48
# Define:
Bronchiectasis
A condition characterized by **abnormal and permanent dilation of the bronchi**, leading to chronic respiratory infections and mucus accumulation.
## Footnote
The patient was diagnosed with *bronchiectasis* after repeated lung infections.
49
# Define:
Cystic Fibrosis
A **genetic disorder** that affects the **lungs and digestive system**, causing the production of thick, sticky mucus that can lead to blockages and infections.
## Footnote
Children with *cystic fibrosis* often require daily treatments to manage their symptoms.
50
# Define:
Pleurisy
**Inflammation of the pleura**, the membrane surrounding the lungs, often causing sharp chest pain during breathing.
## Footnote
The patient complained of chest pain that worsened with deep breaths, indicative of *pleurisy*.
51
# Define:
Pneumothorax
The **presence of air in the pleural space**, which can cause the lung to collapse.
## Footnote
An emergency chest tube was inserted to treat the *pneumothorax* that developed after the accident.
52
# Define:
Hemothorax
The **accumulation of blood in the pleural cavity**, often due to trauma or disease.
## Footnote
The CT scan revealed a significant *hemothorax* requiring immediate drainage.
53
# Define:
Pleural Effusion
The **abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space**, which can impair breathing.
## Footnote
The doctor ordered an ultrasound to assess the *pleural effusion* seen on the chest X-ray.
54
# Define:
Pulmonary Embolism (PE)
A **blockage in one of the pulmonary arteries in the lungs**, usually caused by blood clots that travel to the lungs from the legs.
## Footnote
The patient was treated for a suspected *pulmonary embolism* after experiencing sudden shortness of breath.
55
# Define:
Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA)
A **sleep disorder** characterized by **repeated interruptions in breathing** due to the collapse of the airway during sleep.
## Footnote
The sleep study confirmed the diagnosis of *obstructive sleep apnea* in the patient.
56
# Define:
Upper Respiratory Infection (URI)
An **infection** that affects the **upper respiratory tract**, including the nose and throat, commonly caused by viruses.
## Footnote
The patient was advised to rest and hydrate due to their *upper respiratory infection*.
57
# Define:
Lower Respiratory Infection (LRI)
An **infection** that affects the **lower respiratory tract**, including the lungs and bronchi, which can include pneumonia and bronchitis.
## Footnote
The patient was hospitalized for treatment of a severe *lower respiratory infection*.
58
# Define:
Sinusitis
**Inflammation of the sinuses**, often due to infection, resulting in nasal congestion, pain, and pressure.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed antibiotics for their chronic *sinusitis*.
59
# Define:
Laryngitis
**Inflammation of the larynx**, typically resulting in hoarseness or loss of voice.
## Footnote
The singer developed *laryngitis* after performing without a warm-up.
60
# Define:
Bronchiolitis
A viral infection that causes **inflammation of the small airways in the lungs**, primarily affecting infants and young children.
## Footnote
The child was diagnosed with *bronchiolitis* after presenting with wheezing and difficulty breathing.
61
# Define:
Influenza
A contagious **viral infection** that affects the **respiratory system**, causing fever, cough, and body aches.
## Footnote
The flu vaccine is recommended annually to prevent *influenza* outbreaks.
62
# Define:
Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
A common **virus** that causes **respiratory infections**, particularly in young children and infants, often leading to bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
## Footnote
The pediatrician confirmed that the infant had contracted *respiratory syncytial virus* (RSV).
63
# Define:
Hypoxia
A condition in which there is a **deficiency of oxygen in the tissues**, which can lead to various health issues.
## Footnote
The patient experienced *hypoxia* during the asthma attack, requiring supplemental oxygen.
64
# Define:
Hypercapnia
An **elevated level of carbon dioxide in the blood**, often resulting from inadequate respiration.
## Footnote
The blood test indicated *hypercapnia*, prompting adjustments in the ventilator settings.
65
# Define:
Respiratory Failure
A medical condition in which the **respiratory system fails to maintain adequate gas exchange**, leading to low oxygen or high carbon dioxide levels.
## Footnote
The patient was admitted with *respiratory failure* and required immediate mechanical ventilation.
66
# Define:
Apnea
A **temporary cessation of breathing**, especially during sleep, which can lead to decreased oxygen levels.
## Footnote
The sleep study revealed episodes of *apnea* throughout the night.
67
# Define:
Dyspnea
A term used to describe **difficult or labored breathing**, often associated with various respiratory conditions.
## Footnote
The patient reported *dyspnea* during physical activity, prompting further evaluation.
68
# Define:
Orthopnea
**Shortness of breath** that occurs when lying flat, often relieved by sitting up.
## Footnote
The patient experienced *orthopnea*, requiring them to sleep in a reclined position.
69
# Define:
Tachypnea
An **abnormally rapid breathing rate**, often a sign of respiratory distress or other medical issues.
## Footnote
The nurse noted *tachypnea* in the patient during the assessment.
70
# Define:
Bradypnea
An **abnormally slow breathing rate**, which can indicate underlying health problems.
## Footnote
The patient's *bradypnea* raised concerns for the medical team during the evaluation.
71
# Define:
Cyanosis
A **bluish discoloration of the skin** or mucous membranes due to inadequate oxygenation of the blood.
## Footnote
*cyanosis* was observed around the patient's lips, indicating possible hypoxia.
72
# Define:
Wheezing
A **high-pitched whistling sound** made while breathing, often associated with asthma or other respiratory conditions.
## Footnote
The doctor noted *wheezing* during the patient's examination, suggesting bronchospasm.
73
# Define:
Stridor
A **harsh, grating sound** during breathing, typically indicating an obstruction in the upper airway.
## Footnote
The child presented with *stridor*, prompting immediate evaluation for airway obstruction.
74
# Define:
Bronchoscopy
A procedure that allows doctors to **examine the airways using a bronchoscope**, which is inserted through the nose or mouth.
## Footnote
The physician performed a *bronchoscopy* to assess the patient's airway for abnormalities.
75
# Define:
Pulmonary Function Test (PFT)
A group of tests that measure **how well the lungs are working**, including airflow, lung volume, and gas exchange.
## Footnote
The results of the *pulmonary function test* indicated a decrease in lung capacity.
76
# Define:
Spirometry
A specific type of pulmonary function test that measures the **volume and flow of air during inhalation and exhalation**.
## Footnote
*Spirometry* results showed a significant reduction in forced expiratory volume.
77
# Define:
Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR)
A measure of **how fast air can be expelled from the lungs**, often used to monitor asthma control.
## Footnote
The patient's *peak expiratory flow rate* indicated worsening asthma symptoms.
78
# Define:
Arterial Blood Gas (ABG)
A test that measures the **levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood**, along with the blood's pH, to assess respiratory function.
## Footnote
The *arterial blood gas* analysis revealed significant hypoxemia.
79
# Define:
Chest X-ray (CXR)
An imaging test that uses **radiation to create pictures of the chest**, including the lungs, heart, and bones.
## Footnote
The *chest X-ray* showed signs of pneumonia in the left lung.
80
# Define:
CT Scan of the Chest
A **diagnostic imaging procedure** that uses X-rays and computer technology to create detailed **cross-sectional images of the chest**.
## Footnote
The doctor ordered a *CT scan of the chest* to further evaluate the lung nodules.
81
# Define:
Ventilation-Perfusion (V/Q) Scan
A nuclear medicine test that evaluates the **circulation of air and blood in the lungs** to identify potential blockages.
## Footnote
The *ventilation-perfusion scan* indicated a high probability of pulmonary embolism.
82
# Define:
Thoracentesis
A procedure to **remove fluid or air from the pleural space using a needle**, often to relieve pressure or obtain a sample for testing.
## Footnote
The physician performed a *thoracentesis* to drain the pleural effusion.
83
# Define:
Pleural Biopsy
A procedure to **obtain a tissue sample from the pleura for diagnostic examination**, often performed when pleural disease is suspected.
## Footnote
A *pleural biopsy* was conducted to investigate the cause of the effusion.
84
# Define:
Lung Biopsy
A medical procedure to **remove a sample of lung tissue for examination**, used to diagnose lung diseases.
## Footnote
The results of the *lung biopsy* confirmed the diagnosis of interstitial lung disease.
85
# Define:
Thoracoscopy
A minimally invasive surgical procedure that allows **examination of the pleural space and lungs** using a **thoracoscope**.
## Footnote
*Thoracoscopy* was performed to assess the pleural disease directly.
86
# Define:
Tracheostomy
A surgical procedure that **creates an opening in the neck to place a tube into the trachea**, allowing for breathing when the airway is blocked.
## Footnote
The patient required a *tracheostomy* due to severe airway obstruction.
87
# Define:
Intubation (Endotracheal Intubation)
The **insertion of a tube into the trachea** to maintain an open airway, often performed in emergency situations or during surgery.
## Footnote
*Intubation* was necessary to secure the airway of the patient in respiratory distress.
88
# Define:
Mechanical Ventilation
A method of providing **respiratory support to patients who cannot breathe adequately on their own**, using a machine to assist or control breathing.
## Footnote
The patient was placed on *mechanical ventilation* after experiencing respiratory failure.
89
# Define:
Oxygen Therapy
The administration of **supplemental oxygen to patients with low blood oxygen levels** to improve oxygenation.
## Footnote
*Oxygen therapy* was initiated for the patient experiencing severe hypoxia.
90
# Define:
Nebulization
A method of **delivering medication directly to the lungs in the form of a mist**, often used for respiratory conditions like asthma.
## Footnote
The patient received *nebulization* treatments to relieve their wheezing.
91
# Define:
Inhaler (Metered Dose Inhaler)
A **portable device** that **delivers a specific dose of medication to the lungs**, commonly used for asthma and other respiratory conditions.
## Footnote
The patient was instructed on how to properly use their *inhaler* during an asthma attack.
92
# Define:
Non-invasive Positive Pressure Ventilation (NIPPV)
A method of providing **ventilatory support to patients without the need for intubation**, using a mask to deliver positive pressure.
## Footnote
*NIPPV* was utilized to treat the patient's acute respiratory failure.
93
# Define:
Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP)
A type of non-invasive ventilation that **delivers a continuous stream of air to keep airways open**, commonly used in sleep apnea treatment.
## Footnote
The patient was prescribed *CPAP* therapy to manage their obstructive sleep apnea.
94
# Define:
Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure (BiPAP)
A form of non-invasive ventilation that **provides two levels of pressure**: a higher pressure for inhalation and a lower pressure for exhalation.
## Footnote
*BiPAP* was recommended for the patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
95
# Define:
Pulse Oximetry
A non-invasive method used to **measure the oxygen saturation level in a patient's blood**, often using a fingertip device.
## Footnote
*Pulse oximetry* indicated that the patient had an oxygen saturation of 90%.
96
# Define:
Sputum Culture
A laboratory test that analyzes a **sample of sputum to identify the presence of pathogens** causing respiratory infections.
## Footnote
The *sputum culture* revealed the presence of Streptococcus pneumoniae.
97
# Define:
Mantoux Test (Tuberculin Skin Test)
A diagnostic test used to **determine if a person has been exposed to the tuberculosis bacteria** by injecting a small amount of tuberculin into the skin.
## Footnote
The *Mantoux test* showed a positive reaction, indicating potential tuberculosis exposure.
98
# Define:
Allergy Testing
A series of tests to **identify specific allergens** that may cause allergic reactions in an individual, including skin and blood tests.
## Footnote
*Allergy testing* confirmed that the patient was allergic to pollen.
99
# Define:
Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity (DLCO)
A test that measures **how well oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs**, often used to assess lung function.
## Footnote
The *DLCO* test showed reduced gas exchange efficiency in the patient.
