Pharmacology Quiz 3

Question 1

Adverse drug reaction:

Answer 1

Any noxious, unintended, undesired effect that occurs at normal drug doses

Question 2

ADR effects: mild

Answer 2

Drowsiness, itching, nausea, and rash

Question 3

ADR effects: severe

Answer 3

Respiratory depression, organ injury, anaphylaxis, and death

Question 4

side effect:

Answer 4

a nearly unavoidable secondary drug effect produced at therapeutic doses

Question 5

toxicity:

Answer 5

any severe ADR, regardless of the dose that caused it

Question 6

allergic reaction:

Answer 6

Immune response, the intensity of which is determined by immune system, not dosage

Question 7

idiosyncratic effect:

Answer 7

Uncommon drug response resulting from a genetic predisposition

Question 8

paradoxical effect:

Answer 8

The opposite of the intended drug response

Question 9

latrogenic disease:

Answer 9

Occurs as the result of the medical care or treatment, including disease produced by drugs

Question 10

physical dependence:

Answer 10

Body has adapted to drug exposure in such a way that abstinence syndrome will develop if discontinued

Question 11

carcinogenic effect:

Answer 11

The ability of certain medications and chemicals to cause cancer

Question 12

teratogenic effect:

Answer 12

Drug-induced birth defect

Question 13

Hepatotoxic drugs:

Answer 13

Liver is primary site of metabolism, drugs can also cause liver failure, combining hepatotoxic drugs increases risk of liver injury

Question 14

QT drugs:

Answer 14

QT drugs- prolong QT interval, can cause life-threatening dysrhythmias, females at higher risk, multiple QT drugs should not be given concurrently

Question 15

Filter metabolites out for body, cumulative exposure can cause damage

Answer 15

Kidneys

Question 16

Black box warnings:

Answer 16

Strongest safety warning a drug can carry and still remain on the marker, concise summary of the adverse effects of concern

Question 17

Communication mistakes are __% of fatal errors

Answer 17

90%

Question 18

tolerance:

Answer 18

Decreased responsiveness to a drug as a result of repeated drug administration

Question 19

comorbidities and drug interactions

Answer 19

Drugs taken to manage one condition may complicate management of another condition

Question 20

Good diet can elicit therapeutic responses and reduce harm from ADRs

Answer 20

Diet

Question 21

ototoxic reactions cause permanent damage, very important to catch it early

Answer 21

ears

Question 22

the ___ ear are affected by drugs

Answer 22

inner

Question 23

identifying ADR:

Answer 23

underlying illness, polypharmacy, and unknown

Question 24

ways to minimize ADRs

Answer 24

early identification is key, know major ADRs that a drug can produce, monitoring of organ function if toxic drugs are being given, individualizing therapy, and patient teaching

Question 25

medication error: definition

Answer 25

any preventable event that may cause or lead to inappropriate medication use or patient harm while the medication is in the control of the healthcare professional, patient, or consumer

Question 26

pathophysiology-kidney disease:

Answer 26

reduces rate of drug excretion - drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

Question 27

pathophysiology - liver disease

Answer 27

reduces rate of drug metabolism - drugs may accumulate to toxic levels

Question 28

geriatric concerns:

Answer 28

organ function, comorbidities, polypharmacy, noncompliance

Question 29

pharmacokinetic changes: ADME (elderly)

Answer 29

absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion

Question 30

absorption in eldery:

Answer 30

rate of absorption slows down, gastric acidity declines

Question 31

distribution in elderly:

Answer 31

increased body fat % (plasma drug levels reduced), decreased % lean body mass (plasma drug levels increased), decreased total body water, and decreased serum albumin concentration

Question 32

metabolism in elderly

Answer 32

tends to decline with age

Question 33

excretion in elderly:

Answer 33

begins to decline progressively in early adulthood (MOST important cause of ADRs in older adults)

Question 34

important risk factors (elderly)

Answer 34

reduced function- drug accumulation, polypharmacy, greater severity of illness, low therapeutic index drugs, increased individual variation, inadequate supervision of long-term therapy, poor adherence

Question 35

synthetic thyroxine (T4)

Answer 35

levothyroxine (Synthroid, Levoxyl) most common form is pill in mcg, can be IV

Question 36

what is reason for synthetic thyroxine (T4)

Answer 36

hypothyroidism - a lot in obese patients, cardiovascular disease, and COPD

Question 37

side effects of synthetic thyroxine (T4)

Answer 37

tachycardia, palpations, dyspnea on exertion, and goiter (irregular thyroid gland growth)

Question 38

synthetic thyroxine (T4) you administer on ____ & most commonly at ____ in the morning in the hospital

Answer 38

empty stomach, 0730

Question 39

if a levothyroxine dose is too low, watch for:

Answer 39

bradycardia, lethargy, constipation, excessive fatigue, and excessive sleeping

Question 40

if levothyroxine dose is for high, watch for:

Answer 40

irritability, palpitations, tachycardia, diarrhea, tremors, and insomnia

Question 41

proton pump inhibitors:

Answer 41

pantoprazole (protonix), omeprazole (prilosec), lansoprazole (prevacid)

Question 42

indications for a proton pump inhibitor:

Answer 42

GERD, peptic ulcer disease (PUD), and stress ulcer prophylaxis

Question 43

pantoprazole is given in the hospital very often for

Answer 43

stress ulcer prophylaxis

Question 44

forms of pantoprazole

Answer 44

PO dosage, IV push dosage (given slowly over 2 minutes), and IV piggyback (GI bleed)

Question 45

side effects of proton pump inhibitors:

Answer 45

cutaneous lupus, clostridium difficile, gastroenteritis, diarrhea, bone fracture, and hypomagnesemia

Question 46

hydrocodone indications:

Answer 46

pain, cough

Question 47

hydrocodone commonly given in a combination form with other meds:

Answer 47

hydrocodone/acetaminophen = norco, vicodin, or lortab for pain
hydrocodone/chlorpheniramine = tussionex for cough

Question 48

adults can only have _____ of acetaminophen a day

Answer 48

4000 mg (4g), risk of liver damage

Question 49

black box warnings for hydrocodone:

Answer 49

-addiction, abuse, misuse
- life-threatening respiratory depression
- risks from use with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants
- interactions with alcohol

Question 50

other adverse reactions for hydrocodone:

Answer 50

constipation, itching, vomiting, hypotension, CNS depression, and withdrawal