Phase 1 week 3

Question 1

What are the three layers formed from using a centrifuge of the blood?

Answer 1

The haematocrit = 45%
the buffy coat
the plasma = 55%

Question 2

what is contained within the plasma?

Answer 2

proteins
enzymes
nutrients
waste
hormones
gases

Question 3

What are the functions of proteins in the plasma?

Answer 3

reserve supply of amino acids for cell nutrition - can be broken down by macrophages
carriers for other molecules
act as weak acids to maintain slightly basic pH
involved in the coagulation cascade
distribution of fluid between blood and tissue fluid- colloid osmotic pressure

Question 4

What is the most abundant electrolyte in the plasma?

Answer 4

sodium ions which amount for most of the blood’s osmolarity

Question 5

What is another name for white blood cells?

Answer 5

leukocytes

Question 6

What are platelets made from?

Answer 6

small fragments of bone marrow

Question 7

What are the functions of platelets?

Answer 7

secrete vasoconstrictors
form temporary platelet plugs to stop bleeding
secrete procoagulants
dissolve blood clots when they are no longer needed
digest and destroy bacteria
secrete cytokines

Question 8

What are the main functions of red blood cells?

Answer 8

to pick up oxygen from the lungs and deliver them to tissues elsewhere
to pick up CO2 from the tissues and unload it in the lungs

Question 9

What is another name for red blood cells?

Answer 9

eryhtrocytes

Question 10

What is the structure of red blood cells?

Answer 10

disk shaped cell with thick rim and sunken centre
plasma membrane has glycoproteins and glycolipids that determine blood type
spectin and actin proteins give membrane resilience and durability

Question 11

What are the advantages of the structure of RBCs?

Answer 11

they can stretch, bend and fold as they squeeze through small blood vessels and spring back to shape

Question 12

Why are RBCs incapable of aerobic respiration?

Answer 12

They don’t contain mitochodria

Question 13

What is the advantage of RBCs not containing mitochondria?

Answer 13

They can’t consume the oxygen that they are transporting

Question 14

What is the advantage of the biconcave disk shape?

Answer 14

Greater ratio of surface area to volume to allow gases to diffuse quickly

Question 15

What proportion of an RBC is haemoglobin?

Answer 15

33%

Question 16

why can RBCs not repair themselves?

Answer 16

they don’t contain ribosomes

Question 17

How long do circulating RBCs live for/

Answer 17

120 days

Question 18

what is haematopoiesis?

Answer 18

the production of the formed elements of the blood

Question 19

What are haematopoietic tissues?

Answer 19

The tissues where blood is produced

Question 20

What is the earliest haematopoietic tissue?

Answer 20

the yolk sac

Question 21

What is another name for a multipotent haematopoietic stem cell?

Answer 21

haemocytoblast

Question 22

What do common myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

Answer 22

megakarycytes
erythrocytes
mast cells
myoblasts

Question 23

What do megakaryocytes differentiate into?

Answer 23

thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 24

What do myoblasts differentiate into?

Answer 24

basophils
neutrophils
eosinophils
monocytes

Question 25

what do monocytes differentiate into?

Answer 25

dendritic cells | macrophages

Question 26

What do common lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

Answer 26

natural killer cels | small lymphocytes

Question 27

what do small lymphocytes differentiate into?

Answer 27

B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes

Question 28

What can B lymphocytes differentiate into

Answer 28

plasma cells

Question 29

In what order are RBCs formed? (in terms of stem cells)

Answer 29

``` haemocytoblast pro erythroblast erythroblast normoblast reticulocyte erythrocyte ```

Question 30

which cells have receptors for erythropoietin?

Answer 30

proerythroblasts

Question 31

how many RBCs are produced each day?

Answer 31

10 to the power of 12

Question 32

how many RBCs are produced from a single proebrythroblst ?

Answer 32

16

Question 33

where is EPO produced?

Answer 33

90% kidney | 10% liver

Question 34

What induces the production of EPO?

Answer 34

hypoxia

Question 35

How is haemostasis achieved after wounding?

Answer 35

Immediate vasoconstriction to slow blood flow and reduce exsanguation break in the epithelial barrier leads to recruitment of platelets to form an occlusive plug platelets release serotonin which is a vasoconstrictor platelets are activated by the sub endothelial matrix and each other

Question 36

What is the receptor on platelets for collagen?

Answer 36

Glycoprotein Ia/IIa complex

Question 37

What is the receptor on platelets for von Willebrand's factor and thrombin?

Answer 37

Glycoproteun Ib/IX complex

Question 38

What is the receptor for fibrinogen and vWF?

Answer 38

Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa complex

Question 39

What happens when platelets are activated?

Answer 39

Convert from compact to disk to a sphere surface receptors become activated cytoplasmic granules secrete their contents

Question 40

What is the result of the activation of platelets?

Answer 40

mediation and reinforcement of aggregation and adhesion, promotion of further activation

Question 41

What activates the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 41

Activated platelets

Question 42

What activates the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 42

Exposed subendotheial tissue

Question 43

What happens in the intrinsic pathway?

Answer 43

XII, XI, IX, VIII, X

Question 44

What happens in the extrinsic pathway?

Answer 44

Tissue factor is required to convert VII to VIIa, which then activates X

Question 45

What happens in the final common pathway?

Answer 45

Xa and Va cause the activation of prothrombin (II) to thrombin (IIa). This causes fibrinogen (I) to become fibrin (Ia) XIIIa in the presence of fibrin leads to a cross-linked clot being formed

Question 46

At what stages are calcium ions needed in the coagulation cascade?

Answer 46

Conversion of IX to IXa | Conversion of VII to VIIa

Question 47

At what stages is vitamin K important?

Answer 47

Prothrombin, VII, IX, and X

Question 48

What substances are involved in the regulation of the coagulation cascade?

Answer 48

Anti-thrombin, proteins C and S, and tissue factor pathway inhibitor

Question 49

What causes fibrinolysis?

Answer 49

When the clot is no longer needed tissue plasminogen factor is released from the endothelial cells and causes plasminogen to be converted into the active plasmin.

Question 50

what is a stem cell?

Answer 50

a stem cell can renew itself and differentiate into many types of cell

Question 51

What is differentiation?

Answer 51

The process by which relatively unspecialised cells acquire specialised structural and / or functional features that characterise the cells, tissues or organs of the organism

Question 52

What is the definition of stem cell potency?

Answer 52

The number of possible biological fates open to the cell

Question 53

What does totipotent mean?

Answer 53

all fates possible (zygote)

Question 54

what does multi / pluripotent mean?

Answer 54

many fates possible (embryonic / adult tissue stem cell)

Question 55

What does bi / unipotent mean?

Answer 55

one or two fates open to the cell (adult tissue)

Question 56

describe embryonic stem cells

Answer 56

pluripotent | able to become more than 220 types of cell in the body

Question 57

Describe adult stem cells

Answer 57

multipotent or single type | able to become specialised cells within the residing tissue or specific cell type of the tissue

Question 58

Give examples of different types of wounds

Answer 58

``` abrasion degloving insides laceration bites ```

Question 59

What is the first aid for a wound?

Answer 59

``` elevate the area direct pressure indirect pressure control bleeding replace lost blood history of bleeding problems ```

Question 60

What is shock?

Answer 60

a clinical syndrome where tissue perfusion, and hence oxygenation, is inadequate to maintain normal metabolic function

Question 61

What are the different types of shock?

Answer 61

``` hypovolaemic cardiogenic septic spinal / neuro anaphylactic ```

Question 62

What causes hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 62

haemorrhage, burns, GI, sweat, dehydration

Question 63

What causes cariogenic shock?

Answer 63

pump failure

Question 64

What causes spinal / near shock?

Answer 64

altered / loss of vascular tone

Question 65

What % of total blood volumes are involved in the classification of hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 65

40

Question 66

What blood loss in ml relates to each classification of shock?

Answer 66

2000

Question 67

What are the pulse rates of the different classifications of shock?

Answer 67

100, >120, >140

Question 68

At what classification of shock does BP start to decrease?

Answer 68

class III

Question 69

How does the mental status of a patient change through the classes of shock?

Answer 69

normal, mild anxiety, anxious, confused

Question 70

What is the emergency treatment of hypovolaemic shock?

Answer 70

``` Airway with C-spine control Breathing with oxygenation Circulation with haemorrhage control Disability Exposure ```

Question 71

Give examples of one standard safety protocols

Answer 71

Hand hygiene at the "5 moments" as described by WHO care in the use and disposal of sharps the correct use of PPE for contact with all blood, body fluids, secretions and excretions providing care in a suitably clean environment with adequately decontaminated equipment safe waste disposal safe management of linen