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MBCHB1 exam > phase 1 week 5 > Flashcards

phase 1 week 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What types of bone are there?

A 
long bone
short bone
irregular bone
flat bone
sesamoid bone
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2
Q

give an example of a long bone

A

humerus

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3
Q

give an example of a short bone

A

carpal bone

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4
Q

give an example of an irregular bone

A

vertebra

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5
Q

give an example of a flat bone

A

sternum

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6
Q

give an example of a sesamoid bone

A

patella

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7
Q

Describe the diaphysis of a bone

A

main shaft-like portion
hollow and cylindrical shape with thick compact bone on the outside
strong but not too heavy

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8
Q

describe the epiphysis of a bone

A

both ends of a long bone
bulbous shape which provides space for muscle attachment
red marrow fills the spaces of cancellous bone

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9
Q

describe the metaphysis of a bone

A

the region where the epiphysis and diaphysis meet

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10
Q

describe the periosteum

A

dense, white, fibrous membrane
covers bone except for joint surfaces
periosteum fibres penetrate the underlying bone
tendon fibres and periosteum fibres interlace to attach muscle to bone
contains bone remodelling cells and blood vessels

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11
Q

Describe articular cartilage

A

thin layer of hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of bones
resilient material that cushions jolts and blows

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12
Q

describe the medullary cavity

A

hollow space in diaphysis of long bone.

in adults filled with yellow marrow

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13
Q

Describe the endosteum

A

thin, fibrous membrane that lines the medullary cavities and spaces of cancellous bone
contains bone cells and their precursors

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14
Q

Describe compact bone

A

cylindrical-shaped osteons or haversian systems

each osteon surrounds a canal which runs longitudinally through the bone

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15
Q

Describe cancellous bone

A

no osteons
tiny needle-like branches called trabeculae
nutrients and waste products diffuse via tiny canaliculi that extend to the surface of the very thin bony branches

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16
Q

Describe osteoclasts

A

large cells with many nuclei
share lineage with blood cells (macrophages)
Precursors circulate in blood and bone marrow
When RANK-ligand (from osteoblasts) binds with RANK receptors - mature osteoclast form from fusion of progenitor cells
osteoclasts resorb bone
release acids and enzymes
then undergo apoptosis

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17
Q

What is OPG?

A

osteoprotogerin

binds to RANK-ligand so can regulate osteoclast activity

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18
Q

Describe osteoblasts

A

cuboidal and columnar shape with central nucleus
found on bone surface
from mesenchymal stem cells
osteoblasts make proteins to form the organic matrix of the bone and regulate mineralisation
Receptors for vitamin D, oestrogen and parathyroid hormone
secrete RANK-ligand to activate osteoclasts
can differentiate into osteocytes, lining cells or undergo apoptosis

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19
Q

Describe osteocytes

A

long branches that allow them to contact each other and the lining cells at the bone surface
sense mechanical strain
secrete growth factors to activate lining cells or osteoblasts

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20
Q

Describe lining cells

A

flat and pancake-shaped
responsible for immediate release of calcium
Protect bone from chemicals that dissolve crystals
receptors for hormoes and factors that effect bone remodelling

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21
Q

What are BMPs?

A

bone morphogenetic proteins
produced in bone or bone marrow
bind to BMP receptors on mesenchymal cells
cells produce cbfa1 - a transcription factor
cells mature into mature osteoblasts

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22
Q

Describe IGFs in regards to bone

A

Insulin-like growth factors
produced by osteoblastic cells in response to parathyroid hormone, oestrogen or BMPs
released from matrix during bone remodelling and stimulate osteoblastic cell replication

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23
Q

Describe RANK-ligand

A

a cytokine that is produced in response to systemic hormones such as 1,25dihydroxyvitaminD3 and other cytokines such as IL6
Induces osteoclast development

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24
Q

What hormones increase bone resorption?

A

parathyroid hormone
glucocorticoids
thyroid hormone
vitamin D metabolites

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25
What hormones decrease bone resorption
calcitonin | gonadal steroids
26
what hormones increase bone formation?
growth hormone vitamin D metabolites gonodal steroids
27
What hormones decrease bone formation?
glucocorticoids
28
what are the main type of inorganic salts found in bone?
hydroxyapatite crytals
29
What is the organic matric of bone composed of?
collagenous fibres and "ground substance"
30
name features of a synovial joint
articular cartilage synovial cavity synovial membrane joint capsule
31
what are the two names for the three kinds of joints?
synarthroses (fibrous) ampiarthroses (cartilaginous) diarthrosis (synovial)
32
Describe synarthrosis movement
immovable
33
describe ampiarthoses movement
slightly moverable
34
Describe diarthrosis movement
freely moveable
35
What types of fibrous joints are there?
Syndesmoses sutures gomphoses
36
What are syndesmoses joints?
e.g. distal end of radius and ulna | ligament connects bones
37
What are sutures?
only found in the skull | interlocking teeth-like projections
38
What are gomphoses?
found at the root of the teeth | periodontal membrane
39
What type of cartilaginous joints are there?
synchondrosis | symphyses
40
What are synchondroses?
e.g. between first rib and sternum | hyaline cartilage between articulating surfaces
41
What are symphyses?
e.g. pubic symphysis | fibrocartilage disk
42
What kinds of synovial joints are there?
uniaxial - hinge, pivot biaxial - saddle, condyloid multiaxial - ball and socket, gliding
43
Describe the uniaxial joints
hinge - e.g. elbow, flexion and extension | pivot e.g. between C1 and C2, rotation
44
Describe the biaxial joints
saddle - e.g thumb joint. flexion, extension, adduction and abduction condyloid - between radius and carpal bones - flexion, extension, adduction and abduction
45
Describe the multi axial joints
ball and socket - e.g. shoulder - wide range | gliding - e.g between articulating facets of vertebrae. Gliding
46
what are the three types of cartilage?
hyaline cartilage elastic cartilage fibrocartilage
47
How do chondrocytes get their nutrients?
only through diffusion from the periosteum or synovial fluid - cartilage is avascular unlike bone
48
Describe hyaline cartilage
most common both collagen and elastic fibres articular surfaces of bones, tracheal rings, bronchi of lungs, tip of the nose
49
Describe elastic cartilage
large numbers of elastic fibres | gives form to external ear, epiglottis, eustachian tubes
50
Describe fibrocartialge
small quantities of matrix and abundant fibrous elements strong, rigid pubis symphyses, IV disks, near site of attachment of some large tendons to bones
51
what are the main changes seen in an osteoarthritic joint?
``` thickened capsule cyst formation and sclerosis of subchondral bone fibrillated cartilage osteophytic lipping synovial hypertrophy altered contour of bone ```
52
What causes damage to cartilage in OA?
decreases in water content, proteoglycan synthesis, collagen cross linking, size of GAGs and hyaluronic acid traumatic damage
53
What is osteoarthritis?
progressive disorder of the joints caused by gradual loss of cartilage and resulting in the development of bony spurs and cysts and the margin of the joint
54
What are the causes of OA?
primary - degenerative | secondary - trauma, hip dysplasia, infection, diabetes
55
who is most affected by OA?
women over 45
56
What is seen in an X-ray of an OA joint?
joint space narrowing osteophytes subchondral bone sclerosis cyst formation
57
What is ECM?
extracellular matrix a complex network of proteins and polysaccharides secreted locally provides structural, adhesive and biochemical signalling support
58
What makes up ECM?
fibres - collagen and elastin | ground substance - proteoglycans, glycosaminoglycans, glycoproteins
59
What are the functions of ECM?
mechanical and structural support tensile strength determines cellular movment
60
what are the five classes of macromolecules found in ECM?
``` collagens elastin proteoglycans glycosaminoglycans other glycoproteins ```
61
where is type I collagen found?
dermis, tendons, ligaments, bones
62
where is type II collagen found?
hyaline cartilage
63
Where is type III collagen found?
liver, bone marrow, lymphoid organs
64
Where is type IV collagen found?
basement membrane
65
Where is type V collagen found?
linker to basement membrane
66
Describe GAGs
also called mucopolysaccharides chains of repeating disaccharide units carbohydrate component of proteoglycans
67
What GAG is found in the synovial fluid?
hyaluronic acid
68
What GAGs are found in cartilage?
chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate
69
What GAG is found in the basement membrane?
Heparin sulphate
70
what makes aggrecan and where is it found?
chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate | cartilage
71
What is perlecan made from and where is it found?
heparan sulphate | basement membrane
72
What is syndecan made from and where is it found?
chondroitin sulphate and keratan sulphate | cartialge
73
What is decorin made from and where is it found?
chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate | wide spread
74
Give examples of 5 glycoproteins
``` fibrillar fibronectin laminin entactin tenascin ```
75
What does fibrillin do?
controls deposition and orientation of elastins
76
what does fibronectin do?
linker role in BM
77
What does laminin do?
primary organiser in BM
78
What does entactin do?
linker role in BM
79
What does tenascin do?
linker role in connective tissue
80
How is collagen made?
synthesised as pro collagen post-translational modification - glycosylation and hydroxylation assembled as triple helix
81
How is elastin made?
synthesised as tropo elastin post-translational modification - hydroxylation assembled in fibrillin scaffold, cross-linked fibres
82
What are the three layers of the basement membrane?
lamina lucida lamina densa lamina fibroreticularis
83
what is the basement membrane composed of?
collagen laminin perlecan entactan
84
what are the functions of the basement membrane?
``` support binding to underlying connective tissues mediates signalling determines cell polarity permits flow of nutrients path for cell migration barrier to downward growth ```
85
Give examples of disorders of BM
cancer - epithelial tumours malignant when breach BM Diabetes - thickening of BM of glomerulus alters function epidermolysis bullosa - attachment of epidermis to BM Good pastures syndrome - autoantibodies to collagen IV destroy BM in lung and glomerulus
86
A condition caused by problem in elastin
supravalvular aortic stenosis
87
A condition causes by a problem with fibrillin I
Marstan syndrome
88
A condition caused by a problem with collagen
etlers danlos syndrome
89
a condition caused by problem in keratan sulphate
macular corneal dystrophy
90
a condition caused by problem with perlecan
Silverman-Handermaker type of dyssegmental dysplasia (DDSH) lethal dwarfism

MBCHB1 exam (28 decks)

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