Physiology Review Slides P2 Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
What are the 2 types of long term memory
A
- Declarative (explicit)
- Non-declarative memory (implicit)
2
Q
What are the different types of declarative (explicit) memory
A
- facts - semantic memory
- Events - episodic memory
3
Q
What are the different types of nondeclarative (implicit) memory
A
- procedural learning
- priming
- Associative learning
- Non-associative learning
4
Q
What does procedural learning include
A
- skills
- habits
5
Q
What does Associative learning involve
A
- classical conditioning
- operant conditioning
6
Q
How does fear and anxiety influence pain
A
- reduces pain reaction threshold
- increases pain perception
- results in fear avoidance
Someone experiencing pain can become fearful or anxious about experiencing it again - vicious cycle of dental fear
7
Q
What is catastrophe response
A
Focusing on negative outcomes to predict pain,
e.g. excessive worry before treatment causing stress
8
Q
What is the key strategy to prevent dental anxiety
A
effective pain control
9
Q
What is every single structure light passes through when it enters the eyes all the way to the photoreceptors of the eyes
A
- Cornea
- Aqueous humour (in the anterior chamber)
- Pupil
- Lens
- Vitreous Humour (in the posterior chamber)
- Retina
- Photoreceptors
10
Q
the internal chambers are divided into what segments
A
- anterior cavity
- posterior cavity
11
Q
what is the anterior cavity
A
- Filled with aqueous humour
- Divided by iris into anterior and posterior chamber
12
Q
what is the function of aqueous humour
A
- Aqueous humour forms and drains at the same rate to maintain constant intraocular pressure
- Supplies nutrients and oxygen to lens and corneas; carries away metabolic waste
13
Q
what is the posterior cavity filled with
A
Filled with vitreous humour
14
Q
what is the function of vitreous humour found in the posterior cavity
A
- Forms in embryo and lasts a lifetime
- Transmits light
- Support posterior surface of lens and hold retinal layers together
- Contributes to intraocular pressure
15
Q
What separates the aqueous humour and vitreous humour
A
lens
16
Q
What separates the anterior and posterior chamber
A
iris
17
Q
What characteristic of the cornea make it ideal for transplants
A
Avascular (no blood supply)
- hence reducing the risk of immune rejection or inflammation
18
Q
what is myopia
A
- common vision defect
- nearsighted
- corrected with diverging lens
19
Q
What are causes for myopia
A
- lens too strong
- eye too long
both results in the light bending too early and not hitting the retina correctly
20
Q
what is hyperopia
A
- common vision defect
- farsighted
- corrected with converging lens
21
Q
What are causes for hyperopia
A
- Lens too weak
- eye too short
Both result in the light not bending soon enough
22
Q
what is the visual pathway to the brain
A
- axon of retinal ganglion cells exits in the optic nerve
- optic chiasma (cross over - decussation)
- optic tract
23
Q
what do optic tracts contain
A
fibres from lateral (temporal) aspect on the same side and from the medial (nasal) aspect of the opposite eye
carries all the information from the same half of the visual field
24
Q
A
25
a complete right optic nerve lesion causes
complete loss of the right visual field
26
a lesion in the midline of the optic chiasm causes
bitemporal hemianopsia
loss of the outer (temporal) halves of the visual field in both eyes.
27
A lesion of the uncrossed fibres of right optic nerve at optic chiasm causes
nasal hemianopsia of the right eye
28
A complete lesion of right optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, or optic radiations causes
complete left homonymous hemianopsia
29
What are the 3 regions of the ear
- external ear
- middle ear
- inner ear
30
What key auditory structures are located in the external ear (EX)
- Auricle (Pinna) - outside of the ear
- Ear Canal
- Tympanic Membrane (ear drum)
31
What key auditory structures are located in the middle ear (EX)
- Ossicle
- Eustachian tube (auditory tube)
- Oval window
- Round window
32
What key auditory structures are located in the inner ear
- Cochlea
- Vestibular system (semicircular canal, utricle and saccule)
CN VIII nerve
33
What are the 3 types of hearing loss
- conductive
- sensorineural
- mixed
34
What is conductive hearing loss
- abnormal mechanical sound transmission from the external auditory canal to the cochlea
- hearing impairment where sound is blocked or reduced from reaching the inner ear (cochlea)
- caused by interference in the transmission of sound in the outer or middle ear - external ear canal, tympanic membrane or ossicles of the middle ear
e.g. earwax, foreign body, ear canal infection, tympanic membrane perforation,
35
What is Sensorineural hearing loss
- hearing loss due to damage to the structures in the inner ear or auditory nerve
- problem is not in sound conduction but in sound perception or transmission to the brain
e.g. age related hearing loss, noise induced hearing loss, hereditary conditions, Meniere's disease,
36
what is the organ of corti in cochlear duct
- main hearing organ on top of basilar membrane
- when sound enters the cochlea it creates fluid waves in the 2 scala which causes the basilar membrane to vibrate
- the organ of corti detects these vibrations and converts them into neural (electrical) signals which are sent to the brain via the auditory nerve
- different frequency of waves moves the basilar membrane to different spots
37
The movement of what stimulates the sterocilia
movement of the basilar membrane
38
high frequency sounds causes what in tonotopy
vibrate the membrane near the base of the cochlea (closer to the oval window)
39
low frequency sounds causes what in tonotopy
vibrate near the apex (tip) of the cochlea
40
what are crista ampullaris
- receptor for rotational acceleration in all 3 planes
- hair cells
- when the head rotates, fluid inside the canals moves due to inertia
- fluid flow bends the hair cells which detect angular acceleration (e.g. turning your head)
41
What structure detects horizontal head acceleration
Utricle
Hair cells synapses with fibres of vestibular nerve
42
What structure detects vertical head acceleration
Saccule
Hair cells synapses with fibres of vestibular nerve
43
what is maculae
otolithic receptor which senses changes in linear acceleration
- found in the utricles and saccules
- hairs embedded in overlying otolith membrane, a jellylike mass studded with tiny stones (otoliths)
44
What way are maculae lying in utricles
horizontal with vertical hairs when head is upright
45
What way is macula lying in saccules
nearly vertical with horizontal hairs
46
What nerves are involved in taste transduction and the gustatory pathway (involved in taste)
- Afferent fibres from CN VII (chorda tympani branch)
- CN IX (lingual branch)
- CN X
47
If CN VII was dysfunctional how would that impact taste
Loss of taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue
48
If CN IX was dysfunctional how would that impact taste
Loss of taste for the posterior 1/3 of the tongue
49
if there was loss of the CN X how would that affect taste
Loss of taste in the epiglottis and posterior pharynx
- mild and often clinically insignificant
50
what cranial nerves invlved in taste transduction (7,9,5) synapse where
1. solitary nucleus of medulla
2. thalamus
3. gustatory cortex
*taste impulses passing through solitary nucleus initiate reflex e.g . increased saliva secretion in mouth and gastric juice secretion in stomach
51
What are the receptors for taste
- long microvilli (gustatory hairs) on the top of gustatory epithelial cells
52
What taste modalities do taste buds taste
All of them
- salty
- sweet
- sour
- bitter
- umami
53
What are basal epithelial cells
act as stem cells; replace gustatory cells every 7–10 days.
* Acts as stem cells as they divide and differentiate into new gustatory epithelial cells
* Replaced every 7-10 day because they are subject to friction and routinely burned by hot food
54
What is fear
natural response to a specific, identifiable and immediate threat. Comprises defensive behaviours, autonomic reflexes, arousal and alertness and corticosteroid secretion.
55
What is anxiety
responses occur in an anticipatory manner, e.g. independent of what is actually happening at the time
Anticipatory response; more diffuse.
56
What structures are involved in pain and fear related emotions
- Amygdala
- Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)
*check the prac notes
57
What are phobias
o Irrational fear of specific objects/situations.
o Often evolve from untreated panic attacks (e.g., agoraphobia – anxiety in public or crowded places)
o Uses nomophobia test
58
What is Benzodiazepines (Benzos)
o Fast-acting; reduce acute anxiety and induce conscious sedation.
o Enhance GABA activity (inhibitory neurotransmitter).
o Helpful for dental anxiety before and during a procedure
o In traumatic procedures is can cause amnesic effects (helpful)
o Long-term use not preferred: tolerance, dependency concerns.
59
What are the side effects and major concerns of Benzodiazepine
o Drowsiness, confusion, impaired motor coordination, amnesia
o Requires escort post-treatment; no driving
o Drug interactions: Enhances CNS depressants (e.g., TCAs, alcohol)
o Pregnancy Risk: Teratogenic – avoid during pregnancy
60
What are common side effects of antidepressants in patients
o Xerostomia : Most common; SSRIs affect salivary flow less than other antidepressants, but still a concern
o Postural (orthostatic) Hypotension (condition where BP drops when a person stands up): Risk increases if combined with antihypertensives.
o Bleeding and bruising Risks: Possible with antidepressants that influence serotonin activity, SSRIs and SNRIs impair platelet function, increasing bleeding/bruising risk – as serotonin is an important mediator of normal platelet function
o Sedation: Notable with TCAs and TeCAs; enhanced when combined with other CNS depressants (e.g., benzodiazepines, mirtazapine).
o Mirtazapine (type of TeCA): Has dose-dependent sedative and stimulant properties.
