Week 2 - Other anatomy stuff

Question 1

What is the corpus callosum

Answer 1

thick band of nerve fibers that connects the brain’s left and right hemispheres. It’s the largest white matter structure in the brain.

Question 2

What cell produces CSF

Answer 2

Ependymal cells

Question 3

What is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 3

• part of the peripheral nervous system the controls involuntary body functions
  e.g. heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate and blood pressure

Question 4

What does the autonomic nervous system innervate

Answer 4

smooth and cardiac muscle only

Question 5

What is the neural pathway for ANS (autonomic nervous system)

Answer 5

• Uses 2 neuron pathway (preganglionic and post ganglionic neurons)

Question 6

What neurotransmitter does ANS use

Answer 6

• Acetylcholine (ACh) for parasympathetic
• Norepinephrine (NE) for sympathetic

Question 7

What is the somatic nervous system

Answer 7

• part of the peripheral nervous system
• controls voluntary movements

Question 8

What does the somatic nervous system innervate

Answer 8

skeletal muscle

Question 9

What is the neural pathway for SNS (somatic nervous system)

Answer 9

Uses a single neuron pathway (direct connection from CNS to muscle)

Question 10

What neurotransmitter does SNS use

Answer 10

Acetylcholine (ACh) only

Question 11

Answer 11

somatic nervous system

Question 12

Answer 12

sympathetic division

Question 13

Answer 13

para-sympathetic division

Question 14

What are the 2 divisions of the autonomic nervous system

Answer 14

• parasympathetic division
• sympathetic division

Question 15

What is the sympathetic system responsible for

Answer 15

managing the body during periods of physical activity or stress
“fight or flight”

Question 16

what is the parasympathetic nervous system responsible for

Answer 16

“house keeping” activities in the body
“rest and digest”

Question 17

What 2 nerve fibres are involved in transmitting messages from the CNS via ANS

Answer 17

• pre ganglionic nerve fibres
• post ganglionic nerve fibres

Question 18

what is the preganglionic neurons

Answer 18

• originates in the CNS (brainstem or spinal cord)
• their axons extend to an autonomic ganglion (where they synapse with postganglionic nerurons)
• use ACh as their neurtransmitter
• myelinated to ensure faster signaling

Question 19

What are postganglionic neurons

Answer 19

• located in autonomic ganglia outside the CNS
• their axons extend to target organs (heart, lungs, intestines, glands)
• sympathetic post ganglionic neurons mainly use norepinephrine while parasympathetic postganglionic neurons use ACh
• usually unmyelinated meaning their signals are slower

Question 20

where do pre ganglionic sympathetic nerves (for the whole body) originate from

Answer 20

thoracic segments of the spinal cord as well as the fire few lumber segments

Question 21

where do the autonomic ganglia for the sympathetic nerves lie close to the vertebral column

Answer 21

lie in a row on either side of the vertebral column
- sympathetic trunk ganglia
hence the preganglionic nerves are relatively short)
- these extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx

Question 22

what is the prevertebral ganglia

Answer 22

a type of ganglia in the sympathetic division
- 5 pairs that lie close to the major arteries in the abdominal cavity

Question 23

what are the 3 ganglia that lie in the neck called

Answer 23

• superior cervical ganglia
• middle cervical ganglia
• inferior cervical ganglia

Question 24

What is the most common artery to be affected by a stroke

Answer 24

middle cerebral artery (MCA)

because It supplies a large portion of the lateral cerebral cortex, including the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes.

Question 25

Apart from the circle of willis which is the most common artery to be affected by a stroke

Answer 25

Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

Question 26

the post ganglionic nerve that innervates the head and neck arise from which ganglion

Answer 26

Superior cervical ganglion

Question 27

Which structure connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle in the brain

Answer 27

cerebral aqueduct

Question 28

What structure lies in between the lateral and 3rd ventricle

Answer 28

interventricular foramen

Question 29

what structure lies in between the 2 lateral ventricles

Answer 29

Septum pellucidum

Question 30

What is the order of venous flood flow starting from superior sagittal sinus to the internal jugular vein

Answer 30

- Confluence of sinuses - transverse sinus - sigmoid sinus - internal jugular vein

Question 31

What is the order of venous flood flow starting from inferior sagittal sinus to the internal jugular vein

Answer 31

- inferior sagittal sinus - straight sinus - confluence of sinuses - transverse sinus - sigmoid sinus - internal jugular vein

Question 32

What is the area of the cerebrum anterior to the primary motor cortex

Answer 32

pre motor cortex

Question 33

what is the function and where is the primary motor cortex located

Answer 33

located precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe function - controls voluntary movement

Question 34

what is the function and where is the pre motor cortex located

Answer 34

Located - anterior to the primary motor cortex in the frontal lobe Function - plans and coordinates complex movements

Question 35

what is the function and where is the primary somatosensory cortex located

Answer 35

Location - post central gyrus in the parietal lobe Function - receives and processes tactile information like touch, pressure, pain, temperature and proprioception

Question 36

what is the corticospinal tract

Answer 36

major nerve pathway that carries motor signals from the cerebral cortex to the spinal cord, allowing voluntary control of skeletal muscles, especially in the limbs.

Question 37

Where in the brain do the neurons of the corticospinal tract originate from

Answer 37

primary motor cortex

Question 38

Where do the upper motor neurons of the corticospinal tract decussate

Answer 38

Pyramidal decussation in the Medulla Oblangata

Question 39

what are upper motor neurons

Answer 39

cell bodies in the primary motor cortex which travel down through the corticospinal tract to reach the spinal cord

Question 40

What are lower motor neurons

Answer 40

cell bodies in the anterior horn of the spinal cord they exit the spinal cord and innervate skeletal muscles