Physiology Reviews Slides Flashcards
(37 cards)
What is the mild or early stage of ALzheimer’s
- Symptoms may not be obvious but can be detected by close friends and family
- May be unable to remember a word or name
- Possible changes in mood or personality
- Show diminished judgement
- Still capable of living their lives independently
Symptoms - Problems can include wandering and getting lost, trouble handling money and paying bills, repeating questions, taking longer to complete normal daily task and personality and behaviour changes
What is the moderate of middle stage of Alzheimer’s
- Symptoms more pronounced
- Unable to remember events in personal history or learn new information
- Changes in behaviour and personability – agitated, aggressive or confused
- Lost or wandering aimlessly
- Require some assistance in daily lives but can handle simple tasks
Symptoms
- Unable to learn new things
- Unable to carry out multistep tasks such as getting dressed or cope with new situations
- May have hallucinations, delusions and paranoia and may behave impulsively
What is the severe or late stage of Alzheimer’s
- Extreme disruptions in cognitive functions
- May lose control over movement or other physical abilities such as holding objects or swallowing
- Communication may be difficult or impossible
- May be bedridden and require continuous assistance and long term care
Symptoms
- Cannot communicate
- Bed ridden near the end of life
What are orofacial manifestations of Parkinson’s disease
Motor, non motor and sensory deficits variety of orofacial manifestations
- Salivary problems – drooling (sialorrhea) despite hyposalivation
- Hyposmia (decreased sense of smell) reduced appetite/weight
- Dysphagia (swallowing difficulties)
- Speech disorders
- Functional changes in the anatomic systems
o Masticatory and temporomandibular joint disorders (muscle rigidity and incoordination, reduced muscle tone)
o Hypomimia, tremor, dystonia and orofacial pain
o Dysgeusia, bruxism, and burning mouth syndrome
what protein is misfolded in parkinson’s
Alpha synuclein
neuronal protein that regulates synaptic vesicle trafficking and subsequent neurotransmitter release; abundant in the brain
What proteins are misfolded in Alzheimer Disease
- APP
- Presenilin 1
- Presenilin 2
what is the impact of protein misfolding on neurodegenerative disorders
The aggregation of these misfolded proteins accumulation is toxic and can disrupt brain cell function leading to neurodegeneration (progressive brain damage and loss of function) resulting in diseases including Alzheimers and Parkinsons
form toxic aggregates which:
- Build up inside neurons
- Disrupt normal cell function
- Lead to neuron death, especially in the substantia nigra a brain area that controls movement
What is Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella terms for a group of non-progressive motor conditions. It results from damage to motor control centres during embryology
- Results from damage to motor control centres during embryonic development, pregnancy or childbirth
- Causes hypoxia, trauma, infection – genetic or biochemical factors possibly involved
What are the 4 main types of cerebral palsy
- Spastic (spasticity)
- Dyskinetic
- Ataxia
- mixed types - combination damage
what is spasticity
stiff or rigid muscles on one side of the body or in all four limbs
can include the mouth, tongue and pharynx
may have scissor gait or arms that are flexed and positioned against their bodies
What causes spasticity
Upper motor neuron lesion resulting in hypertonia (high muscle tone)
- motor cortex damage
What is dyskinesias
There are different types of dyskinesia
- dystonia
- athetosis
- chorea
What is dystonia
twisting and repetitive movements
What is athetosis
slow, writhing and continous worm like movement
a type of dyskinesia
what is chorea
Dance like irregular unpredictable movements
A type of dyskinesias
What causes dyskinesias
Injury to the basal ganglia
the different types of dyskinesia (dystonia, athetosis and chorea) is causes by injury to different structures within the basal ganglia
What is ataxia
- means without coordination
- loss of muscle control in arms and legs (lack of balance, coordination and trouble walking)
- may affect the fingers, hands, arms, legs, body, speech and even eye movement
- 3 main types: cerebellar (in CP), but also sensory or vestibular
What causes ataxia
damage to the cerebellum
What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
a progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects motor neurons – nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscles – affects both upper and lower motor neurons
what does damage to the upper motor neurons in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cause
- Muscle stiffness (spasticity)
- Overactive reflexes (hyperreflexia) – positive
- Babinski sign
- Can make voluntary movements slow and difficult
- May lose ability to walk or control other movements
What does damage to lower motor neurons in Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis cause
- Muscles weaken and shrink (muscle wasting or atrophy)
- Muscles may also start to spontaneously twitch (fasciculation) – can be seen and felt below the surface of the skin
What are acute phase positive symptoms of Schizophrenia
positive symptoms” refer to the presence of behaviors or experiences that are added to a person’s normal functioning
- Delusions (e.g. paranoia)
- Hallucinations (mainly auditory)
- Disorganised thinking/speech
- Catatonia, abnormal movements
what are acute phase negative symptoms of psychoses
“Negative symptoms,” on the other hand, reflect a decrease or loss of normal functions
- Social withdrawal
- Flat affect
- Anhedonia (lack of pleasure)
- Apathy and low motivation
What is a delusion
- often paranoid in nature
- false, fixed belief that is resistant to logic or contrary evidence
