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CMT > Physiology: V - VIII > Flashcards

Physiology: V - VIII Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

Hierarchy of Muscular Organization

A
  • Muscle
  • Fascicles
  • Muscle Fibers/Cells
  • Myofibrils
  • Filaments (Action & Myosin)
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2
Q

Sheetlike CT that attaches muscle to muscle or muscle to bone

A

Aponeurosis

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3
Q

Sarcolemmma

A

Muscle Fiber Cell Membrane

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4
Q

Nucleation and Mitochondriation of Muscle Fibers

A
  • Multinucleated
  • Abundant Mitochondria
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5
Q

Intracellular system of closed saclike membranes involved in the storage of intracellular calcium in striated (skeletal) muscle cells.

A

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

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6
Q

Sheath surrounding skeletal muscle

A

Epimysium

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7
Q

Sheath surrounding fascicles

A

Perimysium

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8
Q

Sheath surrounding muscle fibers

A

Endomysium

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9
Q

Membranous channels that run across muscle fibers

A

Transverse Tubules

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10
Q

The Thin Myofilament

A

Actin

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11
Q

The Thick Myofilament

A

Myosin

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12
Q

Segments of myofibrils between Z lines

A

Sarcomeres

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13
Q

How muscle fibers contract

A

sliding movements of actin and myosin that shorten the muscle fibers

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14
Q

Site where motor nerve and muscle fiber meet

A

Neuromuscular Junction

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15
Q

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers it controls

A

Motor Unit

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16
Q

The neurotransmitter that motor neurons use to control skeletal muscle

A

Acetylcholine

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17
Q

Where acetylcholine of a motor neuron binds

A

sarcolemma

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18
Q

What acetylcholine stimulates in a muscle fiber

A

Release of calcium ions from sarcoplasmic reticulum

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19
Q

What calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum bind to

A

Troponin (actin)

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20
Q

What that binding of calcium ions to troponin causes

A

Changes shape/position of troponin-tropomyosin complex, resulting in linkages forming between actin (tropomyosin) and myosin (cross-bridges)

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21
Q

Theory attempting to explain skeletal muscle and contraction

A

Sliding Filament Theory

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22
Q

How skeletal muscle relaxes

A
  • Acetylcholine in synaptic cleft is decomposed by acetylcholinesterase
  • Calcium ions move back into sarcoplasmic reticulum via active transport (calcium pump)
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23
Q

Cellular Respiration

  • not dependent on O2
  • breaks down glucose into lactic acid and a few molecules of ATP
A

Anaerobic

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24
Q

Cellular Respiration

  • requires O2
  • breaks down glucose into many molecules of ATP
25
Hemoglobin that stores O2 in muscle tissue
Myoglobin
26
The amount of O2 required to convert lactic acid back to glucose in the liver
Oxygen Debt
27
Minimal stimulus needed to produce a muscle contraction (twitch)
Threshold Stimulus (contraction is all or none)
28
Contraction Speed - Red Fiber - Resistant to Fatigue - Good Blood Supply - Aerobic Respiration - Postural Muscles
Slow Twitch
29
Contraction Speed - White Fiber - Higher Rate of Fatigue - Poorer Blood Supply - Allows muscles to contract very quickly - e.g., eye muscles
Fast Twitch
30
Form myelin sheaths around axons in the PNS
Schwann Cells
31
Form myelin sheaths around axons in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes
32
Space between Schwann Cells
Nodes of Ravier
33
Space between neurons
Synapse
34
Various cells that nourish and support neurons
Neuroglial Cells
35
Nerves of the PNS
- Cranial - Spinal
36
Nervous System that Controls Voluntary Activities
Somatic
37
Nervous System that Control Involuntary Activities
Autonomic
38
- conduct Impulses from PNS to CNS - have sensory receptors on the end of them
Sensory Nerves (Afferent)
39
- conduct impulses from CNS to effectors - control voluntary and involuntary activities
Motor Nerves (Efferent)
40
- form links between CNS neurons (integration) - create sensations, thoughts, feelings, memory, decisions
Interneurons (associations)
41
Neuroglial cells that provide structural support and form scar tissue
Astrocytes
42
Neuroglial cells that perform phagocytosis
Microglia
43
Regeneration of PNS Axons
- Distal Portion Regenerates - Proximal Portion May Regenerate Slowly
44
Regeneration of CNS Axons
- Unlikely Due to Lack of Neurolemma and Oligodendrocytes' Lack of Proliferation
45
Ion Distribution of a Resting Neuron
- High Na+ Outside the Cell - High K+ Inside the Cell
46
Cause of Resting Neuron's Negative Charge
Na+/K+ Pump (Active Transport) - 3 Na+ Pumped Out for Every 2 K+ that Diffuse In
47
Do K+ or Na+ Diffuse across a nerve cell membrane more easily?
K+
48
The several subthreshold stimuli that added together reach the cell's threshold potential
Summation
49
1) Threshold Potential Reached 2) Na+ Rush into the Cell (Cell Becomes More Positively Charged) 3) K+ Leave the Cell (Cell Becomes Negatively Charged Again) (Sequence Moves Down the Axon Toward the Synaptic Cleft)
Action Potential (all or none response)
50
Ions a cells becomes more permeable to during an action potential
Na+
51
Time after a nerve impulse is generation in which the nerve cannot be stimulated
Refractory Period
52
When an action potential jumps from node of Ranvier to node of Ranvier
Saltatory Conduction
53
The neurotransmitters that relieve pain
- enkephalins - beta endorphins
54
Neurotransmitter that transmits pain impulse
substance P
55
Neurotransmitter/Ion that is released into a synapse from from the synaptic knob of the presynaptic neuron to the postsynaptic neuron
Ca+
56
Function of Ca+ in Nerve Impulse
When the nerve impulse reaches the synaptic knob, Ca+ diffuse into the synaptic knob and neurotransmitters from vesicles inside the knob are released into the Ssnapse
57
Fate of Excess Neurotransmitters in a Synapse
Decomposition by an Enzyme or Reuptake
58
Function of Neurotransmitters (e.g., neuropeptides)
Stimulate or Inhibit Postsynaptic Neuron

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