Postlab quiz 10 Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Skeletal muscle does this
A
works with the skeletal system (bone) to produce movement
2
Q
Connective tissue surrounding muscle
A
epimysium
3
Q
A bundle of muscle cells is called this, and is surrounded in this
A
fasical
perimysium
4
Q
Muscle cell name, and what it is surrrounded by
A
muscle fiber
endomysium
5
Q
T/F: connective tissue is continuous with the tendon
A
t
6
Q
Striations in the skeletal muscle reflect this
A
the arangement of the microfilaments within the muscle
7
Q
T/F: skeletal muscles are multinucliate
A
T
8
Q
Single muscle cells fuse togeather to form this type of structure
A
syncytium
9
Q
T/F: muscle fibers are usually short
A
F, they can be very long (up to feet long)
10
Q
T/F: skeletal muscle is involuntary
A
F
11
Q
This provides the stimulus for skeletal movement
A
motor neurons from motor areas of the brain
12
Q
Name for the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers
A
neuromuscular junction
13
Q
The termiinus of the axon attaches to this on the muscle fiber
A
motor end plate
14
Q
Neurotransmitter present in vesicles at the axon terminus
A
acetycholine
15
Q
All muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron are called this
A
motor unit
16
Q
Small motor units have this
A
very precise contractions
weak strength
17
Q
large motor units have this
A
imprecise contractions
greater strength of contraction
18
Q
Functional unit of the muscle fiber
A
sarcomere
19
Q
The ends of the sarcomere are know as this
A
z lines (discs)
20
Q
Thin filaments are known as
A
actin
21
Q
thick filaments are known as
A
myosin
22
Q
This is where only actin is present
A
I band
23
Q
This is where we have both action and myosin
A
a band
24
Q
This is where there is only myosin
A
h zone
25
myosin attaches to eachother at this spot
m line
26
This is known as the sliding filament theory
when the muscle contracts the z disks come closer togeather as a result of the actin and myosin sliding past eachother
27
The name for the connection between actin and myosin
crossbridge
28
During the power stroke this occurs
myosin head bend towards the m line
29
This provides energy for myosin to move from a relaxed state to a contracted state
ATP
30
This occurs when a person dies for this reason
Rigor Mortis
| loss of ATP
31
These overlap the G-actin
Tropomyosin
| troponin complex
32
The G-actin has this
active sights for attactment to myosin
33
this moves the tropmyosin complex to allow access to the active sights on G-actin to the myosin head and results in this
Ca++
| contraction
34
Pathway of a stimulus to a muscle cell
stimulus starts in sarcolema
enter through T-tubules
T-tubules trigger the sarcplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
Ca++ triggers the myosin to bind the new revealed active sites on the actin
35
Summation
closer the stimuli the greater the "piggy backing" effect
36
Incomplete tetanus
Stimuli are summed together to create a contration
37
complete tenanus
The fiber is said to be fuse and there is no relaxation between contractions
Eventually the muscle will fatigue causing relaxation
38
Review videos (pod casts for information over figures)
okay
39
Level of actin/myosin overlap with the strongest contraction capability (most contraction)
intermediate levels of overlap
40
What full is most used in the first 30 min of exercise (mild exercise)
free fatty acids
41
this occurs as exercise intensity is increased
more and more muscle glycogen is used, and less free fatty acids are used
42
If you want to use free fatty acids as a primary source of energy you need to exercise in this manor
mild intensity
43
Three types of muscle fibers
Slow (type 1)
Fast (type IIA)
Fast (type IIX)
44
Slow type 1 muscle fibers use this type of respiration
aerobic
45
Fast muscle fiber types are also known as this
white muscle fiber
46
Fast type muscle fibers use this type of respiration
anaerobic
47
Specific types of exercise can do this
create hypertrophy in the desired muscle type
48
What is myasthenia gravis
autoimmune disorder characterized by weakness and rapid fatigue of any of the muscles under voluntary control
49
Myasthenia gravis is caused by
breakdown in the transfer of nerve impulses to muscles
50
With myasthenia gravis this occurs if the muscle is used repeatedly
weakness worsens
51
Direct cause of myasthenia gravis (what causes the breakdown in the transfer of nerve impulses to muscles)
production of antibodies to acetylcholine receptors
| production of antibobodies to a muscle specific receptor thyrosine kinase (MuSK)
52
MuSK is responsible for this
the recruitment of acetylcholine receptors to the neuromuscular junction
53
Myasthenia gravis is less commonly caused by this, and is known by this name when caused by the aforementioned problem
antibodies to lipoprotein-related protein 4
| antibody negative myasthnia gravis
54
The rarest form of myasthenia gravis is caused by this, and is known by this name
heredity
| congenital myasthetic syndrome
55
Signs and symptoms of myasthenia gravis (8)
```
drooping of one or both eyelids (ptosis)
double vision (diplopia) which improves with one eye closed
altered speech
difficulty swallowing
limited facial expression
trouble holding up your head
waddling while walking
difficulty lifting or raising arms
```
56
Treatment for myasthenia gravis (5)
```
cholinesterase inhibitors (Mestinon)
corticosteroids (prednisone)
Immuno-suppressents
plasmapheresis
intravenous immunoglobulin
```
57
Prognosis for myasthenia gravis (3)
symptoms progress to highest severity within 3 years
after 3 years symptoms usually stabilize
can live a fairly normal life with regular medical treatment
58
What are the essentials of a reflex mechanism
receptor organ
effector organ
some type of communications network connecting the two
59
Reflex action is initiated by this and results in this
input response
| output response
60
Reflex activity ranges from this to this
simple axon reflex
| complex reflexes in which the cerebrum participates
61
Many reflexes might be regarded as being this (explain)
programmed. Meaning the appropriate response to the stimulus has been built into the nervous system
62
Reflex action often does not require this
action by the central nervous system
63
These reflexes require integration by action centers in the brain
eye reflexes
| labyrinthine reflexes
64
Reasons some reflexes are integrated in the brain
appropriate response is determined after several inputs have been evaluated
65
Three spinal reflexes tested in class
Patellar reflex
achilles reflex
biceps and triceps reflex
66
What is the plantar/babinski reflex (explain results also)
a stroking stimulus is applied to the sole of the foot near the inner side using a blunt object.
Normal response is a downwards flexion or curling of toes
If the toes fan out with big toe flexed dorsally the response is a positive babinski reflext
67
What is the babinski response associated with
damage to the pyramidal tract fibers, or children in their first year because the nerves are still undergoing myelination
68
The time required for a person to react to a stimulus depends on several factors, including:
```
responsiveness of receptor
nerve conduction velocity
synaptic delay
number of neurons and synapses involved
nerve distance traveled
efficiency of neuromuscular transmission
speed of muscle contraction
```
69
In an automatic reflex this many synapses are traversed over this length of time
few
| short
70
In a response that requires though, decision making and choice require this many neural pathways and require this much time
more
| longer
71
What did the reaction time apparatus consist of
operator's initiate console
subject's response panel
stop clock
72
T/F: the intact skeletal muscles of humans can be stimulated directly through the skin if a fairly strong stimulus is employed
T
73
This can be used to diagnose certain neuromuscular disorders and prevent muscle atrophy during temporary paralysis
Simulation of motor points
74
Spots on the muscle that are more sensitive to electrical stimulation than the rest of the muscle are called
motor points
75
The motor points usually lie over the point where the nerve enters this
the muscle
76
Most motor points are located over this
belly of the muscle
77
When stimulating motor points muscle contraction is produced through stimulation of this
the innervating nerve
78
Muscle function in humans can be evaluated by examining contraction strengths using this or by doing this
dynamometer
| examining the depolarization of contracting muscles using surface electrodes connected through bioamplifiers
79
Two tools that where used to measure muscle recruitment and fatigue
hand dynamometer
| surface electrodes
80
Strength of contraction is correlated with this
the number of motor units being stimulated
81
We could expect to seen an increase in this as contraction strength increases
electrical activity
82
Know the muscle diagram from the podcast
okay
83
Ridges in the epimysium are called this
Fascia
84
Neurotransmitter found in the neuromuscular junction
Acetylcholine
85
Type of receptor found on muscles
Nicotinic Cholnergic receptor
86
Be able to draw and label everything associated with the image of the sarcomere from the podcast
okay
87
Three steps of muscle contraction
1. influx of Ca++ triggers exposure binding sites of actin by binding troponin
2. Myosin binds actin - forms crossbridge
3. Power stroke of crossbridge causes sliding of filaments
88
Three steps of muscle relaxation
1. ATP binds to cross bridge resulting in disconnection of myosin to actin
2. hydrolysis of ATP re-energizes myosin
3. Ca++ ions re-enter the sarcoplasmic reticulum
89
More muscle recruitment = a bigger this
muscle contraction
90
In a large motor unit a single neuron innervates this many muscle fibers for this reason
thousands
| stimulate greater muscle contraction
91
Another name for the Right atrium/ventricular valve
Tricuspid valve
92
Another name for the left atrium/ventricular valve
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
93
Review the anatomy of the heart
okay
94
T/F: the right and left sides of the heart operate as separate pumps
T
95
Flow of blood through the heart
```
Right atrium
Right ventricle
Pulmonary trunk
lungs
Left atrium
left ventricle
aorta
```
96
Two characteristics of blood in the aorta
O2 rich
| nutrient rich
97
4 areas that stethoscopes are placed to listen to particular valves of the heart (clockwise starting at the top left)
Aortic area
pulmonic area
bicuspid (mitral) area
tricuspid area
98
Heart contractions are know as
systole
99
Heart relaxactions are known as
diastole
100
This is ventricular systole
contraction of the ventricle
101
This is atrial systole
contraction of the atrium
102
Systole when used without clarification describes this
ventricular systole
103
Duration of systole and diastole
0. 3
| 0. 5
104
Cardiac cycle characteristics (3)
less than 1 second normally
contraction faster than relaxation
atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction
105
Normal heart rate
72 beats per minute
106
Cardiac cycle (start to finish)
Atria contracting
Blood flows into ventricles
Ventricles contract
Blood flows into atria
107
Review how pressure changes in the ventricle correlate to volume changes in the ventricle (podcast, approximately 4 min. in)
okay
108
This is used to measure pressures associated with the heart and is measured at this location on the body
blood pressure
| biceps
109
This type of blood flow creates sound
turbulent
110
This type of blood flow does not create sound
Laminar
111
Starting blood pressure cuff pressure
140 mmHg
112
The first korotkoff sound signals this pressure
systolic pressure (maximum pressure the ventricle would produce)
113
The last korotkoff sounds signals this pressure
diastolic pressure
114
Average systolic and diastolic pressures
Systolic 120 mmHg
| Diastolic 80 mmHg
115
The pressure of the blood in the veinus portion of circulation is essentially this
0 mmHg
116
The mean pressure of blood is this
100 mmHg
117
The skeletal muscle pump does this
utilizes blood vessels being compressed by the muscles they lie between
as they compress blood is driven towards the heart
118
Veins have these structures within them
valves
119
pulse pressure =
P(systolic) - P(diastolic)
120
Normal pulse pressure
40 mm Hg
121
Exercise pulse pressure may go as high as this
100 mmHg
122
When we exercise this happens to our systolic and diastolic pressures
Increase
| decrease
123
Very low pulse pressure can be suggestive of this
congestive heart failure
| aortic stenosis
124
Reason for low pulse pressure with congestive heart failure
weak heart contractions
125
reason for low pulse pressure with aortic stenosis
Low blood volume caused by narrowing of aortic semilunar valve
126
The electrodes on the body during an electrocardiogram do this
investigate the change in potential of the heart muscle as it progressively contracts
127
What do the 3 leads compare in an electrocardiogram
I - Right arm to left arm
II - Right arm to left leg
III - Left arm to left leg
128
The typical ECG in lab utilizes this lead
II
129
Each wave of an ECG represents this
changes in polarity in the cardiac musculature
130
The P wave represents this
depolarization of the atria
131
The QRS wave represents thsi
depolarization of the ventricle
132
The T wave represents this
Re polarization of the ventricle
133
Repolarization of the atria takes places here
QRS phase
134
This is associated with ventricular contraction
Right after the QRS
135
This follows depolarization
contraction of the associated portion of the heart
136
The first heart sound is associated with this
the closing of the atrial ventricular valve
137
The Atrial/ventricular valve will close at this time
when the pressure in the ventricle is greater than the pressure in the atria
138
The second heart sound is associated with this
the closing of the semilunar valve
139
The semilunar valve will close at this time
when the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the ventricle
140
Wiggers diagram (4)
Correlates pressures in aorta, ventrical, atria
idetifies part of the graph where AV and semilunar valves open and close
Correlates with ECG
Identifies when the first and second heart sounds occur
141
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow to the ventricle
142
Bradycardia means
slow heart rate
143
sinus means
origin is in the sinal/atrial node
144
Tachycardia means
fast heart rate
145
ventricular means (ECG)
Everything on the ECG is originated in the ventricles
146
Tachycardia means a heart rate over this
140 beats per minute
147
In sinus tachycardia we see this on the ECG
Normal P, QRS, T waves happening very quickly
148
In ventricular fibrillation we see this on the ECG
The ventricle is not contracting in any sort of coordinated manor
149
How does cholesterol effect us
formation of plaques that can block blood vessels
| May also ulcerate and release a piece of tissue that may cause a blockage elsewhere in the body
150
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
151
Two common areas of blockage in the heart
left anterior descending
| right coronary artery
