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Physiology Lab > Postlab quiz 6 > Flashcards

Postlab quiz 6 Flashcards

(169 cards)

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1
Q

What is stargardt’s disease also known as

A

fundus flavimaculatus

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2
Q

Stargardt’s disease is the most common from of this

A

juvenile macular degeneration

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3
Q

Stargardt’s disease is the loss of this

A

central vision between the ages of 6 and 20

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4
Q

Stargardt’s disease starts as this

A

presence of small, yellow spots in eye

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5
Q

With stargardt’s disease vision loss begins this way then quickly does this

A

slowly

escalates

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6
Q

Causes of stargardt’s disease

A

Very strong genetic component

Mutation of the gene ABCA4 (one of 21 genes coding for the retina)

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7
Q

Stargardt’s disease: 90% of the cases are this

A

autosomal recessive

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8
Q

Stargardt’s disease: Specific cause

A

a dysfunctional protein is made which does not allow normal transport of energy from the photoreceptors centered in the macula lutea

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9
Q

Stargardt’s disease: Lipofuscin build up can result in this

A

an imbalance between formation and disposal mechanisms in the eye, and is related to the muation in the ABCA4 gene

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10
Q

Stargardt’s disease: The gene is also associated with this

A

vitamin A processing

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11
Q

Stargardt’s disease: signs and symptoms

A 
blurry/distorted vision
loss of fine focusing
difficulty recognizing familar faces
can lead to blindness
deterioration of light sensitive cells
color vision affected in late stages
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12
Q

Stargardt’s disease: children with the disease will have difficulty doing this

A

reading

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13
Q

Stargardt’s disease: treatment

A

no cure
little can slow progression
wearing sunglasses may slow progression
avoiding excessive vitamin A and Beta-carotene

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14
Q

Stargardt’s disease: excessive vitamin A and Beta-carotene do this

A

promote accumulation of lipofuscin

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15
Q

Stargardt’s disease: prognosis

A

No cure

eventually leads to blidness in most cases

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16
Q

Stargardt’s disease: affects this many Americans, and has a frequency of this in children

A

25000 Americans

1 in 10000 children

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17
Q

Primary sex organs: male, females

A

testes

ovaries

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18
Q

Sperm and ovum are these types of cells and are denoted in this manor

A

gamates, haploid

n

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19
Q

Fertilization results in this

A

zygot

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20
Q

Sex chromosomes: male, female

A

XY

XX

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21
Q

The zygot grows through

A

mitosis

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22
Q

These develop in early male embryo

A

seminiferous tubules

intersitial cells

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23
Q

Indifferent gonads are found at this stage

A

early embryonic

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24
Q

This determines if indifferent gonads will form testes or ovaries, and results from this

A

TDF, testes determining factory.

SRY gene on Y chromosome

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25
When do the ovaries develop in the embryo
follicles do not develop until third trimester
26
Testes produce these two things
testosterone | Mullerian inhibition factor (MIF)
27
MIF degenerates this
Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
28
The paramesonephric (mullerian) duct becomes this in men, and this in woman
Degenerates in men | froms uterus and uterine tubes in females
29
Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts are formed from this in the presence of this
mesonephric (wolffian) duct | testosterone
30
This happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in females
degenerates because there is no testosterone
31
other embryonic structures in the presence of testosterone become these
prostate penis scrotum
32
other embryonic structures without the presence of testosterone become these
vagina labia clitoris
33
At this time an ultrasound can be used to determine the sex of an embryo/child
12-13 week
34
Two structures that regulate gonadal function
hypothalamus | anterior pituitary
35
THis is released by the hypothalamust and affects this organ
gonadaltropic releasing hormone (GnRH) | anterior pituitary
36
THis is released by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
37
FSH stands for
folical stimulating hormone
38
LH stands for
Leutinizing hormone
39
T/F: FSH and LH are found in only females
F, found in both males and females
40
Gonadotropins act on this
gonads
41
What are the sex steroids
testosterone | estrogen
42
In the presence of gonadotropins the gonads release/produce this
sex steroids inhibin gamets
43
Sex steroids have this type of affect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
negative
44
primary sex organ in the male
testis
45
testes produce this
sperm
46
Sperm moves from the testes to exit the penis through these structures (in order)
``` epididymis ductus (vas) deferens ampulla ejaculatory duct urethra ```
47
maturation of the sperm takes place in this structure
epididymis
48
the ampulla, seminal vesicle and prostate form this
ejaculatory duct
49
Important glands in the male reproductive tract
seminal vesicle prostate bulbourethral gland
50
The external urethral orifice is associated with this part of the penis
glans penis
51
Hormonally the imporant part of the male reproductive tract is his
testes
52
Testes contain this important structures
seminferous tubules | intersitital (leydig) cells
53
sperm is produced in this structure
seminiferous tubles
54
injected testosterone does this
negatively effects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing FSH and LH to stop being released shrinks testes
55
Process of producing sperm is known as
spermatogenesis
56
Steps of sperm production in the testes
some spermatogonia undergo mitosis other spermatogonia undergo meiosis and form primary spermatocytes Primary spermatocyes undergo meiosis and from secondary spermatocytes secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form spermatids Spermatids mature into spermatezoa
57
The maturation from spermatids to spermatezoa is know as
spermiogenesis
58
Primary female sex organ
ovary
59
Important female reproductive structures
vagina uterus overy uterine tubes
60
Eggs are release from the overies into this structure
uterine tube towards the uterus
61
Fertilization takes place here
uterine tube
62
The zygote develops here
uterus
63
How long is the egg viable after ovulation
24 hours
64
Sperm can live this long
36-48 hours within the female reproductive tract
65
Layers of the uterus
perimetrium myometrium endometrium
66
perimetrium tissue type and function
connective tissue | site of attachement to peritoneal cavity
67
myometrium tissue type and function
smooth muscle | contractions during labor to assist in delivery of fetus
68
endometrium tissue type and function
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; two layers stratum basale and stratum functionale stratum functionale grows and sheds cyclically. site for implantation of zygote
69
Female has a limited number of these, that run out at about this time
oogonium | 50 years old
70
Process of oogonium becoming a oocyte
oogonium becomes a primary oocyte | primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to from a polar body (degenerates) and a secondary oocyte
71
The secondary oocyte only becomes an ovum if this occurs
fertilization
72
Organ responsible for the formation of the ovum is know as
the follicle
73
This happens during each menstrual cycle to the follicle
8-10 grow in each overy
74
This many follicles will ovulate each menstral cycle
1
75
This hormone stimulates follicles to grow
FSH
76
When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle (days after the onset of bleeding)
day foeteen
77
Changes in the overy are mimicked by this
changes in the uterus (thickening in the stratum functionale)
78
This day is when implantation in the uterus will general take place
day 20
79
Endometriosis is
when the epithelial tissue is not shed from the vagina, but passes back into the uterine tube and back into the abdominal pelvic cavity then some endometral tissue may attach
80
Birth control: pill
some contain two hormones: estrogen and progestin called comination pills some are progestin only pill.
81
most common type of pill
combination
82
Birth control: patch
Same hormones as in the pill estrogen progestin
83
Birth control: depo provera
long acting progestin from of birth control that is injected into the muscle every 11 weeks
84
Birth control: nuva ring
Over the course of 3 weeks NuvaRing releases a continuous low dose of estrogen and brogestin. Hormone release is activated when contact with the vagina occurs
85
6 muscles of the eye
Superior/inferior rectus lateral/medial rectus superior/inferior oblique
86
Layers of the eye outside to in
Sclera choroid retina
87
The choroid is coated in this
melanin to prevent after images
88
Rods are responsible for this
dark vs light
89
cones are responsible for this
detail and color vision
90
This part of the eye is an extension of the brain
retina
91
this part of the eye contains all of the rods and cones
retina
92
What is the back portion of the eye by the optic nerve called
optic disk
93
There is no vision or blind spot here
optic disk
94
Layers of the eye through which light passes (out to in)
corneapupillensretina
95
colored portion of the eye
iris
96
this is in the middle of the iris
pupil
97
What helps us focus, and what is it made of
lensprotein
98
These attach the lens to the ciliary body
zonular fibers
99
What are the two chambers of the eye, relative to this structure
``` anterior chamber (infront) posterior chamber (behind)iris ```
100
This is in the anterior cavity and maintains the shape of the cornea
aqueous humor
101
This is the name of the fluid behind the lens, and has this physical property
vitreous humor | gel like to maintain shape behind the lens
102
T/F: the cornea is not a type of lens
F, its shape defracts lights towards the midline
103
If the object is close the lens tends to be
thicker
104
if the object is far the lens tends to be
flatter
105
accomadation is this process
the process by which we regulate the thickness of the lens
106
This ciliary muscle is this type of muscle
sphincter
107
The ciliary muscle is reponsablie for this
adjusting the conformation of the lens
108
Relaxation of the ciliary muscle does this to the lens
flattens
109
constrictuion of the ciliary muscle does this
makes the lens fatter
110
T/F:Looking at close objects far away fatigues the eye
F, close objects fatigue the eye
111
This is typically concidered far away for vision
15ft
112
The areas of greatest visual acuity occur at these 2 locations. These receptors are most present here
fovea centralis macula lutea cones
113
The iris does this
limits the amount of light that enters the eye
114
The iris is composed of these two types of muscles
radially and circulalry arranged smooth muscle fibers
115
Contraction of the radial muscles of the iris does this
opens (diolates) iris to allow more light in
116
circular muscles contracting int he iris do this
shrink the pupil allowing less light inot the eye
117
This nerve will constrict the radial muscles of the eye
postganglionic sympathetic axon from the superior cervical ganglion
118
this nerve will constrict the circular muscles of the eye
postganglionic parasympathetic axon from the oculomotor nerve
119
This happens to the image as it passes through the strucutres of the eye
its is flipped upside down, and left to right
120
Emmetropia =
normal visionrays focus on retina
121
Myopia =
nearsightedness | eye is to largerays focus infront of the retina
122
What corrects myopia
concave lens, (-) diopter diverging lens
123
Hyperopia =
farsightedness | eye is to smallrays focus behind retina
124
What corrects hyperopia
convex lens, (+) diopter converging lens
125
Astigmatism =
cornea is unevenly curvedrays do not focus
126
This causes patches of vision in focus and out of focus
astigmatism
127
What corrects astigmatism
uneven lens
128
This is used to discribe the direction in which the correction should be made for astigmatism
cylinder
129
Rods are most dense here
in the edges of the retina
130
cones are most dense here
fovea centralis
131
The cylinder discribes distortions in astigmatism at these points
distinct angles from the center of vision
132
cones use this to transmit detail
temporal summation
133
temporal summation requires this (eye)
higher light intensity
134
Rods use this to transmit signals
spatial summation
135
spatial summation requires this (eye)
lower light intensity
136
amacrine cells appear here
between bi-polar and ganglion cells
137
horizontal cells appear here
between photoreceptor and bi-polar cells
138
Amacrine and horizontal cells do this
modify synapses to enhance contrast associated with vison
139
Fibers of the optic nerve are formed by this
axons of ganglion cells
140
On this visible light spectrum red is here
700
141
on the viable light spectrum violet is here
400
142
ROYGBIV =
``` red orange yellow green blue indigo violet ```
143
Three types of cones
S (blue) cone M (green) cone L (red) cone
144
missing one of these types of cones is a condtion called
color blind
145
This test, tests for color blindness
ishihara test
146
The negative image test shows us this about photoreceptors
they adapt to stimulishows us the chemistry of rods and cones
147
These are the color compensations for a negative image test (3)
black -> white Red -> green blue -> yellow
148
Tapedum lucidem
refracts light to expose photorecpetors to more light | night vision in animals
149
accommodation
changes in optical power to maintain clear image or focus
150
Distance, light, zonular fiber, ciliary body, lens, and fatigue: Dilated pupil
``` Far distance Dim light tight zonular fibers relaxed ciliary body flat lens no fatigue ```
151
Distance, light, zonular fiber, ciliary body, lens, and fatigue: constricted pupil
``` close up bright light loose zonular fibers contracted cilliary body thicker lens high fatigue ```
152
Pathway of light entering the eye
``` cornea aqueous humor pupil lens vitreous humor retina ```
153
PHBAG
``` photoreceptors horizontal cells bipolar cells amacrine cells ganglion cells fibers of optic nerve ```
154
Negatvie afterimage is caused by this
over stimulation of the photoreceptors which lead to bleaching (light adapted)
155
diopters are this
the measurement of the refractive power of a lens
156
formula for diopters
1/focal length (m)
157
near point
closest distance at which one can see an object in sharp focus
158
Formula for a persons visual acuity
``` V = d/D d = distance at which the person can read the letters D = distance at which a normal eye can read the letters ```
159
Normal vision is rated at this
20/20
160
a person with less than average vision will have a rating such as
20/25
161
Snellen test
standard eye chart test
162
The instrument used to map the field of vision is call this
a perimeter
163
These are a continuation of the choroid
Suspensory ligaments that are attached marginally to ciliary bodies
164
This can provide important information about the anatomy of the inner eyeball
opthalmoscope
165
The view of the retina seen with an opthalmoscope is call this
fundus oculi
166
photopic vision
bright light - color vision
167
scotopic vision
dim light - night vision
168
This color spot is best used with an ophthalmoscope for these reasons
less irritating to the eye and displays the blood vessels more clearly
169
when using the ophtalmoscope a 0 appears on the windo if this occurs
subject and examiner are both normal (emmetropic) vision

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