Postlab quiz 4 Flashcards by Roger Kline

AIED =

Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease

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What is autoimmune inner ear disease (3)

Progressive hearing loss and/or dizziness
Reduced hearing w/tinnitus
Attacks of dizziness (normal blood tests for antibodies)

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What does autoimmune inner ear disease resemble

Meniere’s disease

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Affects this many of the X million Americans with hearing loss

<1%, 28 million

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Causes of autoimmune inner ear disease (5)

Antibodies/immune cells damage inner ear
bystander damage
cross-reactions
intolerance
genetic factors

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What causes bystander damage

cytokines provoke extra immune reactions

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What causes cross reactions

antibodies cause accidental damage

ear shares common antigens with potential pathogens

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What causes intolerance

ear may only be a partially immune privileged locus

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What effect do genetic factors have on AIED

possible increased susceptibility to hearing disorders

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Signs and symptoms of AIED (4)

Hearing loss in one ear and rapid progression to second ear (can progress slowly)
Fullness in the ear
vertigo
tinnitus, hissing, or roaring sound

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What is AIED often mistaken for

Otitis media

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What are treatments for AIED (5)

Steroids like prednisone ore dexamethasone (short-term)
Cytotoxic agents like cytoxan or methotrexate (short-term)
Plasmapheresis
cochlear implant
cell and gene therapy

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Exteroceptors

receptors that recieve stimuli from outside the body

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interoceptors

receptors that receive stimuli from inside the body

Detect changes within the body

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Where are interoceptors located

deep within muscles, tendons, and other structures

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Exteroceptors are located

on the surface of the body (usually)

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Our senses are comprised of these types of receptors

exteroceptors

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Weber’s law states this

the size of the just noticeable difference, dI, is a constant proportion of the original stimulus, I

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Weber’s fraction

The ratio of intensity difference to the initial weight intensity

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Just noticeable difference or intensity difference is

the amount of stimuli needed to have a noticeable difference in our current stimulation state.

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What is referred pain

pain that originates in one area of the body, but is perceived in another (ex. Heart attack)

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What is done for the weber test (hearing)

The handle tip of a struck tuning fork is placed against the middle of the subjects forehead to determine if one ear is more deaf than the other

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When doing the weber test for hearing what is the result if one ear hears the fork better than the other: sensorineural

The sound will be heard better in the normal ear because neural activity is essential for hearing

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When doing the weber test for hearing what is the result if one ear hears the fork better than the other: conductive

The ear that hears the fork louder is the ear that is more deaf, due to the good ear having the sound masked by environmental noise

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Conduction deafness can be simulated by doing this simple thing

plugging one ear with cotton

The Rinne test compares this

air conduction of sound with bone conduction of sound

The weber test for hearing should be conducted in a room with this level of noise

normal room noise

The Rinne test for hearing should be conducted in a room with this level of noise

A quiet room

What is done for the Rinne test (hearing)

Place the end of the handle of a struck tuning fork on the mastoid process. As soon as the sound is no longer audible through the bone hold the fork about 1 inch from the ear. The subject should be able to hear again.

If the should is heard through the bone longer the person has this type of deafness

conduction deafness

What are the expected results of the weber and rinne test for hearing for the following condition: no hearing loss

Weber: no lateralization Rinne: Sound heard longer through air conduction

What are the expected results of the weber and rinne test for hearing for the following condition: conduction deafness

Weber: lateralization to the deaf ear Rinne: sound heard as long as or longer through bone conduction than air

What are the expected results of the weber and rinne test for hearing for the following condition: sensorineural deafness

Weber: lateralization to the normal ear Rinne: sound heard longer through air conduction

How is hearing loss quantified by an audiogram

If there is an increase of 20 dB above normal tone level the subject is sead to have hearing loss of 20dB for that tone

List the classifications of hearing loss in accending order

``` normal mild moderate severe profound hearing loss ```

What is a audiogram

an instrument for measuring hearing acuity that consists of an earphone conneted to an electronic oscillator.

Range of hearing tested in both types of audiogram tests

250-8000 Hz | 500-2000 Hz

Frequency of normal speech

500-2000 Hz

What is a receptive field

sensory + visual neurons activated by stimuli that fall within a specific physical area (two point test)

Areas with large receptive fields

back, thigh

Areas with small receptive fields

finger tip

Lateral inhibition does this

Increases contrast between activiated receptive fields and inactive neighbors

Benefits of lateral inhibition

way of isolating location of stimuls | increase in sensory preception

Generator potentials 2 characteristics

caused by adequate stimuli in sensory cells | amplitude proportional to strength of stimulus

Another name for generator potentials

receptor potentials

2 characteristics of action potentials

all or none event | strength of stimulus determines frequency

Auditory pathway: external ear

Pinna | ear canal

Auditory pathway: middle ear

malleus, incus, stapes

Auditory pathway: inner ear

vestibular apparatus w/ semicircular canals | cochlea

Name of fluid found in inner ear

endolymph

What is the purpose of the vistibular cochlear nerve

Senses sound through the movement of hair cells in the cochlea

Characteristic of conduction deafness

sound cannot be transmitted through external/middle ear

Causes for conduction deafness (4)

plugged with earwax fluid in middle ear diseases trauma to middle ear bones

characteristics of sensoryneural deafness

damage to structures of inner ear

Cause of sensoryneural deafness

death/damage of hair cells resulting from loud noises

What is the mechanism for referred pain

unknown

Types of receptors (6) (subcatagories)

``` chemoreceptor photoreceptor thermoreceptor mechanoreceptor nocireceptor proprioceptor ```

Types of receptors (2) Main

Tonic receptors | phasic recpetors

tonic receptors adapt at this speed, and example

slow | pain

phasic receptors adapt at this speed, and example

fast | most sensory receptors

Describe the action of tonic receptors

action potentials occur at a constant rate from the application of the stimuls to the removal

Describe the action of phasic receptors

Rate of the action potentials reduces after initial application of the stimulus Once the stimulus is withdrawn we notice the absense of the stimuls

Describe chemoreceptor

senses chemical stimuli in the environment or blood

Describe photoreceptors

rods and cones in the retina of the eye

Describe thermoreceptors

respond to heat and cold | Different receptors for heat and cold

Describe mechanoreceptors

stimulated by mechanical deformation of the receptor cell membrane

Describe nocireceptors

pain receptors

describe proprioceptors

provide sense of body position and allow fine control of skeletal movements hold balance

What is the law of specific nerve energies

the sensation characteristic of each sensory neuron is that produced by it's normal stimulus, or adequate stimulus

What is a generator potential

graded depolarization produced by stimulation of sensory receptors that results in the production of action potentials by a sensory neuron

What is an action potential

all-or-none electrical event in an axon or muscle fiber in which the polarity of the membrane potential is rapidly reversed and re-established

Pathway of a sensation

sensory receptor experiences a generator potential the axon-neuron reaches threshold and generates an action potential The signal travels to the brain for integration

What must happen to generate an action potential

a generator potential must reach a depolarization threshold

This dictates the strength of the stimulus

the frequency of the action potential | more frequent = stronger

What do phasic receptors prevent

sensory overload

What is the typical neuron refered to as

multipolar neuron

What is used in the video to determine resting membrane potential

electrode attached to voltmeter

Depolarization =

stimulation

hyperpolarization =

inhibition

RMP in podcast is

-65 to -95 mV

What is disturbed when stimulus takes palce

RMP

Na+ Channels: The channel is close at this point

RMP

Na+ Channels: The channel is oppened by this

depolarization (AP)

Na+ Channels: The channel is inactived during this period

refractory period (absolute)

Na+ Channels: How is the channel inactiviated

opening blocked by a protein

Na+ Channels: These are examples of this type of channel

voltage gated

What opens voltage gated channels

ambient voltage

What is threshold (mv)

-50 mV

What is the top of the spike in the movie (mV)

+30

What resets RMP

Na/K pumps

Milliseconds per AP

4 mS

Action potential frequency is determined by

strength of stimulus

strong stimuli are felt more strongly bcause of this

the rate of action potentials (frequency)

Druing a absolute RP this occurs

incativiation of Na+ channels

Druing a relative RP this occurs

hyperpolarization due to efflux of K+

This would be needed to generate a AP druing a relative RP

greater than normal strength of stimulus

These types of neurons are mylinated

motor | sensory

Rate of impulse conduction: mylinated vs unmylinated

300 meter/s to 1 meter/s

The auditory tube connects with this and does this

pharynx | equalizes pressure

Pressure on the oval window causes this to the round window

causes it to move in and out

These muscles reduce vibration to protect from loud sound

tensor tympani muscle | stapedius muscle

The two scala and where are they in relaction to eachother and what is in them

Scala vestibuli scala tympani SV above ST Perilymph

What is between the scalas and what does it contain

cochlear duct | endolymph

Name of the nerve going to the ear (number)

vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

Where is the spiral organ of corti

in the cochlear duct

What is the central core of bone (ear)

modeolas

name of the membrant that effects the hair cells

techtorial membrane | causes generator potentials

Place principle does this

allows us to identify different sound pitch by what 'Place' on the organ of corti the hair cells are disturbed

low frequency stimulate this region of the cochlear duct

distal

mid frequency stimulate this region of the cochlear duct

middle

high frequency stimulate this region of the cochlear duct

proximal

where is sensitive lost as we age (hearing)

high frequency (proximal)

Conduction deafness is caused by this

stoppage of conduction of sound waves

sensorialneural deafness is caused by

damage to hair cells / nerve

Where is the electrode inserted for a cochlear implat

scala tympani

Postlab quiz 4 Flashcards

(115 cards)