Postlab quiz 7 Flashcards
(191 cards)
1
Q
Primary sex organs: male, females
A
testes
ovaries
2
Q
Sperm and ovum are these types of cells and are denoted in this manor
A
gamates, haploid(n)
3
Q
Fertilization results in this
A
zygot
4
Q
Sex chromosomes: male, female
A
XY
XX
5
Q
The zygot grows through
A
mitosis
6
Q
These develop in early male embryo
A
seminiferous tubules
intersitial cells
7
Q
Indifferent gonads are found at this stage
A
early embryonic
8
Q
This determines if indifferent gonads will form testes or ovaries, and results from this
A
TDF, testes determining factory.
SRY gene on Y chromosome
9
Q
When do the ovaries develop in the embryo
A
follicles do not develop until third trimester
10
Q
Testes produce these two things
A
testosterone
Mullerian inhibition factor (MIF)
11
Q
MIF degenerates this
A
Paramesonephric (mullerian) duct
12
Q
The paramesonephric (mullerian) duct becomes this in men, and this in woman
A
Degenerates in men
froms uterus and uterine tubes in females
13
Q
Epididymides, ductus deferentia, ejaculatory ducts are formed from this in the presence of this
A
mesonephric (wolffian) duct
estosterone
14
Q
This happens to the mesonephric (wolffian) duct in females
A
degenerates because there is no testosterone
15
Q
other embryonic structures in the presence of testosterone become these
A
prostate
penis
scrotum
16
Q
other embryonic structures without the presence of testosterone become these
A
vagina
labia
clitoris
17
Q
At this time an ultrasound can be used to determine the sex of an embryo/child
A
12-13 week
18
Q
Two structures that regulate gonadal function
A
hypothalamus
anterior pituitary
19
Q
THis is released by the hypothalamust and affects this organ
A
gonadaltropic releasing hormone (GnRH)
anterior pituitary
20
Q
THis is released by the anterior pituitary in response to GnRH
A
Gonadotropins (FSH and LH)
21
Q
FSH stands for
A
folical stimulating hormone
22
Q
LH stands for
A
Leutinizing hormone
23
Q
T/F: FSH and LH are found in only females
A
F, found in both males and females
24
Q
Gonadotropins act on this
A
gonads
25
What are the sex steroids
testosterone
| estrogen
26
In the presence of gonadotropins the gonads release/produce this
sex steroids
inhibin
gamets
27
Sex steroids have this type of affect on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary
negative
28
primary sex organ in the male
testis
29
testes produce this
sperm
30
maturation of the sperm takes place in this structure
epididymis
31
the ampulla, seminal vesicle and prostate form this
ejaculatory duct
32
Important glands in the male reproductive tract
seminal vesicle
prostate
bulbourethral gland
33
The external urethral orifice is associated with this part of the penis
glans penis
34
Hormonally the imporant part of the male reproductive tract is his
testes
35
Testes contain this important structures
seminferous tubules
| intersitital (leydig) cells
36
sperm is produced in this structure
seminiferous tubles
37
injected testosterone does this
negatively effects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary causing FSH and LH to stop being released
shrinks testes
38
Process of producing sperm is known as
spermatogenesis
39
Steps of sperm production in the testes
some spermatogonia undergo mitosis
other spermatogonia undergo meiosis and form primary spermatocytes
Primary spermatocyes undergo meiosis and from secondary spermatocytes
secondary spermatocytes undergo meiosis and form spermatids
Spermatids mature into spermatezoa
40
The maturation from spermatids to spermatezoa is know as
spermiogenesis
41
Primary female sex organ
ovary
42
Important female reproductive structures
vagina
uterus
overy
uterine tubes
43
Eggs are release from the overies into this structure
uterine tube towards the uterus
44
Fertilization takes place here
uterine tube
45
The zygote develops here
uterus
46
How long is the egg viable after ovulation
24 hours
47
Sperm can live this long
36-48 hours within the female reproductive tract
48
Layers of the uterus
perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium
49
perimetrium tissue type and function
connective tissuesite of attachement to peritoneal cavity
50
myometrium tissue type and function
smooth musclecontractions during labor to assist in delivery of fetus
51
endometrium tissue type and function
stratified squamous nonkeratinized epithelium; two layers stratum basale and stratum functionale
stratum functionale grows and sheds cyclically. site for implantation of zygote
52
Female has a limited number of these, that run out at about this time
oogonium
| 50 years old
53
Process of oogonium becoming a oocyte
oogonium becomes a primary oocyte
| primary oocyte undergoes meiosis to from a polar body (degenerates) and a secondary oocyte
54
The secondary oocyte only becomes an ovum if this occurs
fertilization
55
Organ responsible for the formation of the ovum is know as
the follicle
56
This happens during each menstrual cycle to the follicle
8-10 grow in each overy
57
This many follicles will ovulate each menstral cycle
1
58
This hormone stimulates follicles to grow
FSH
59
When does ovulation occur in the menstrual cycle (days after the onset of bleeding)
day foeteen
60
Changes in the overy are mimicked by this
changes in the uterus (thickening in the stratum functionale)
61
This day is when implantation in the uterus will general take place
day 20
62
Endometriosis is
when the epithelial tissue is not shed from the vagina, but passes back into the uterine tube and back into the abdominal pelvic cavity then some endometral tissue may attach
63
Birth control: pill
some contain two hormones: estrogen and progestin called comination pills
some are progestin only pill.
64
most common type of pill
combination
65
Birth control: patch
Same hormones as in the pill
estrogen
progestin
66
Birth control: depo provera
long acting progestin from of birth control that is injected into the muscle every 11 weeks
67
Birth control: nuva ring
Over the course of 3 weeks NuvaRing releases a continuous low dose of estrogen and progestin.
Hormone release is activated when contact with the vagina occurs
68
What is PID
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
69
PID is and infection of this
female reproductive organs
70
T/F, and explain: PID is linked to sexually transmitted diseases
T, one of the most serious complications of STDs in women
71
PID leads to this (think anatomy)
irreversible damage to uterus, overies, fallopian tubes, and other parts of the female repro. system
72
This is the primary preventable cause of infertility in women
PID
73
PID: normally the cervix prevents this
bacteria that enter the vagina from spreading to internal repro organs
74
PID: this occurs if the cervix is exposed to STD
the cervix becomes infected and less able to prevent spread of organisms to internal organs
75
PID occurs when this happens
disease causing organisms travel from cervix to upper genital tract
76
These cause 90% of PID cases
untreated gonorrhea and chlamydia
77
The remaining 10% of PID cases are caused by (3)
abortion
childbirth
pelvic procedures
78
Signs and symptoms of PID (7)
Dull pain and or tenderness in stomach or lower abdominal area
pain in right upper abdomen
abnormal vaginal discharge that's yellow or green in color or has unusual odor
painful urination
chills or high fever
nausea and vomiting
pain during intercourse
79
Treaments for PID (3)
Antibiotics
Sexual partners may be treated
surgery needed to remove abscesses to prevent rupture
80
PID: if abscesses are on the uterus or overies this may be required
hysterectomy
| oophorectomy
81
PID: If not treated can lead to (4)
scar tissue
ectopic pregnancy
infertility
long-term pelvic pain
82
PID: this many women experience an episode each year
> 1 million
83
This many women with PID will become infertile
1 in 8
84
Best way to prevent PID
Barrier methods of contraception
85
T/F: PID is completely preventable
T
86
The #1 cause of PID is
untreated STDs
87
Know the ovarian cycle, graphs and what occurs
See handout
88
The seminiferous tubules are made of these two cell types
sertoli cells
| leydig cells
89
These are formed in the sertoli cells through this process
spermatids
| spermatogenesis
90
Path way of sperm from creation to ejaculation (SEVEN UP)
```
Semineferous tubules
epdidymus
vas deferns
ejaculatory duct
Nothing for N
Urethra
Penis
```
91
This occurs in the epididymus
sperm maturation and storage
92
process of spermaturation in the epididymus
spermiogenisis
93
Name of mature sperm cells
spermatozoan
94
Ejaculatory duct is responsible for this
semen formation
95
The urethra is for this purpose
tube for sperm
| urine pathway
96
The penis is associated with this structure
glans penis
97
Whats up with the bulbourethral gland
produces a clear viscous liquid that clears out the urethra
98
The seminal vesicals produce this
fructose for sperm energy
99
Whats the purpose of the prostate
produces alkalyne fluid that protects sperm as it moves through the various repro tracts
100
Estrus
means frenzy
time in rat's repro cycle when she is receptive to sexual copulation
animal is "in heat"
101
proestrus
this is a period of increasing levels of follicle-stimulation hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH)
102
Vaginal smears contain mainly these during proestrus
nucleated epithelial cells
103
in the rat proestrus lasts this long
8-12 hours
104
During estrus high levels for estrogen do this
stimulate mitosis of cells in the uterus and vagina
105
Vaginal smears contain mainly these during estrus
cornified cells
106
in the rat estrus lasts this long
9-15 hours
107
Metestrus
LH and luteotropic hormone (LTH) promote the formation of the corpus luteum
progesterone and estrogens increase
108
vaginal smears contain this during metestrus
leukocytes and some cornified cells
109
Diestrus
Longest stage, (lasts 60-70 hours)
corpus luteum regresses and the uterus is small and poorly vascularized
levels of gonado tropic and sexual hormones are at low levels
110
Vaginal smears contain this during diestrus
mainly leukocytes
111
Order of the estrus cycle
proesturs
estrus
metestrus
diestrus
112
Pregnancy tests are based on the detection of this hormone
chorionic gonadotropin
113
When is chorionic gonadotropin produced
early pregnancy
114
This increases sharply as the placenta develops and reachs a peak level approximately eight weeks after the first day of the last menstrual period
human chorionic gonadotropin
115
Two classes of pregnancy tests
biological
| immunological
116
biological pregnancy tests depend on this
the effect of chorionic gonadotropin from the woman being tested
117
The ascheim-zondek test is based on this
the fact that human chorionic gonadotropin stimulates immature ovaries to cause ovulation and secrete hormones that stimulate uterine growth
118
The animal becomes immune to the chorionic gonadotropin by producing antichorinoic gonadotropin these
antibodies
119
The blood serum of the injected animal will contain these antibodies which are, therefore called this
antiserum
120
Study the shit ton of paperwork we got in lab
yeah....
121
What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (Thyroid releasing hormone, TRH)
anterior pituitary
(thyroid stimulation hormone, TSH)
Thyroid
(Thyroid hormones, T3 + T4)
122
What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (cortico releasing hormone, CRH)
anterior pituitary
(atrenocortotropin hormone, ACTH)
adrenal cortex
(cortisol)
123
What is the pathway after the following hormone is released from the hypothalamus: (gonadotropin releasing hormone, GnRH)
```
anterior pituitary
(follical stimulating hormone, FSH)
(lutenizing hormone, LH)
testes/overies
(testosterone/estrogen)
```
124
Digestion involves this
breaking down food products so they can be absorbed by the body and be utilized to build and repair our own body systems
125
The digestive system consists of this tube
alumentary canal
126
The alumentray canal begins here and ends here
mouth
| anus
127
T/F: the contents of the alumentary canal is considered inside the body
F
128
Three salivary glands
parotid gland
sublingual gland
submandibular gland
129
This is the largest organ in the body and is considered a gland
liver
130
Two functions of the pancreas
exocrine
| endocrine
131
The exocrine function of the pancreas is associated with this
digestion
132
The endocrine function of the pancrease is associated with this
regulation of blood sugar levels
133
Abdominal glands of the digestive tract
liver
| pancreas
134
The role of the oral cavity
use teeth, tongue, and salvary secretions to masticate food, and prepare it for swallowing
135
Pathway of swallowed food
```
Pharynx
esophagus
stomach
small intestine
large intestin
anus
```
136
most digestive activity takes place here
small intestine
137
This prepares the food/wastes for defecation
large intestine
138
Enzymes in the digestive tract do this
assist in all the reactions that reduce molecues to the smallest size so they can be absorbed
139
Enzymes are this type of molecule
protein
140
The active sites on an enzyme have this
specificity
141
Formula associated with enzyme slide
A+B (reactant substrates)
--->(enzyme)---->
C+D (products)
142
T/F: Enzymes have a specific optimal temperature
T, a certain temperature will be the best for enzyme activity (remember slide)
143
These have an effect on enzyme activity
Temperature
| pH
144
Pepsin is formed here and has this optimal pH
stomach
| 2 (acidic)
145
salivary amylase is formed here and has this optimal pH
oral cavity
| 7 (neutral)
146
trypsin is formed here and has this optimal pH
small intestine
| 9 (basic)
147
T/F: Enzymes only work in one pH environment
F
148
Explain reaction rate vs substrate concentration when an enzyme is present
Reaction rate increases slowly until a saturation point which becomes the maximum rate of reaction given a set number of enzymes
Gentle uphill slope that flattens out.
149
Structures in the digestive canal speed digestion by doing this
increasing surface area
150
Structures of the small intestine that increase surface area
Plicae circularis
villi
microvilli
151
In the stomach this increases surface area
gastric rugae
152
The villi of the small intestine are covered in this
brush boarder
153
Enzymes are imbedded here in the small intestine
Microvilli
154
Peristalsis does this
Through coordinated muscle movements or peristaltic waves, food is moved through the alumentary canal
155
Peristaltic waves consists of contractions of these types of muscles
circular
156
This is moved by peristaltic waves
bolus
157
Food is moved before, or after the peristaltic wave
before, or in front of
158
Three enzymes we will look at in lab
amylase
pepsinogen (pepsin)
lipase
159
Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Amylase
Pancrease, salivary glands
startch
6.7-7.0
maltose and short chain glucose molecules
160
Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Pepsinogen (pepsin)
chief cells
protein
1.6-2.4
shorter polypeptides
161
Secreded from, substrate, optimal pH, and products: Lipase
pancreas
triglycerides
8.0
fatty acids and monoglycerides
162
Maltose is this type of molecule
two-chain sugar
163
The gastric gland of the stomach consists of these parts (bottom to top)
Chief cell
parietal cell
mucous cell
164
Two layers of the stomach
mucosa
| submucosa
165
Parietal cells secrete this
HCl
| intrinsic factor
166
This occurs if the mucous layer of the stomach is compromised
ulcer formation
167
This is the only critical secretion of the stomach, and does this
intrinsic factor
| protects Vit. B12 from being digested
168
Vit. B12 is responsible for this
maturation of red blood cells
169
Condition that occurs when B12 is not absorbed
peinecious anemia
170
Enzyme pathway of the stomach
pepsinogen is converted to pepsin in the presence of HCl
| Pepsin interacts with ingested proteins and breaks them down into short peptides
171
Secretions into the small intestine come from these organs
liver
| pancreas
172
Main role of the liver is this
secreting bile salts that emulsify fat
173
The pancreas secretes this, what does the secretion do
lipase
| breaks down emulsified fat
174
Within the villi of the SI there are two types of vessels, what are they
Capillaries
| lacteal
175
These are absorbed into the capillaries of the SI
simple sugars and amino acids
176
The lacteal is responsible for this
absorbing fats
177
Pathway of lymph from SI villi to main lymph system
lacteal
lymph vessel
thoracic duct
178
Step 1: fat digestion in the SI
emulsification of fat droplets by bile salts secreted from the liver/gallbladder through the bile duct
179
Step 2: fat digestion in the SI
Hydrolysis of triglycerides in emulsified fat droplets into fatty acids and monoglycerides by lipase
180
Step 3: fat digestion in the SI
Dissolving of fatty acids and monoglycerides into micelles to produce "mixed micelles"
181
Absorption of fat in the SI: pathway
Fatty acids and monoglycerides enter the epithelius villi.
Reconstitution of the FA and MG into triglycerides inside the cell.
Apoprotein attaches to triglyceride to cause formation of chylomicrons.
Chylomicrons are exocytosed into the lacteal.
182
What protein will we be testing in lab
egg white, and the effects of pepsin on it
183
Genetic sex depends on this
combination of sex chromosomes
184
gonadal sex is determined by this
presence or absence of SRY gene
185
Phenotypic sex is determined by
presence or absence of masculinity hormones
186
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (the shot)
Stops egg from being released, thickens cervical mucus
Injected progestin shot every 3 months
99.7%
187
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (male condom)
physical barrier to sperm entering vagina
physically place on penis, check expiration date
98%
188
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (IUD)
Thickens cervical mucus so sperm can't travel
T-shaped device inserted that secretes progestin
99.8%
189
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (birth control pills)
prevents release of egg so fertillization cannot occur, cervical mucus thickens
Take pill at same time every day, may be at risk if skip dose
99.7%
190
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (vaginal ring)
Ring inserted and releases flow of low dose hormones, stops egg release, cervical mucus thicker
once a month and left in for 3 weeks then taken out on 4th week for period and replace 7 days after last one
99.7%
191
Birth Control: How it works, How to use, % effectiveness (patch)
prevent egg from releasing and thickens cervical mucus
stick patch on skin, same hormones as in pill, absorbed in skin, place on skin every three weeks, 4th week no patch for period, put new one on
99.7%
