Postlab quiz 9 Flashcards
(162 cards)
1
Q
anabolism =
A
synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules
requires energy
endergonic
2
Q
catabolism
A
breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules
releases energy
exergonic
3
Q
Energy is gained form, and stored in this form
A
ATP
Adenosine triphospate
4
Q
Two types of cellular respiration
A
anaerobic respiration (does not require oxygen) aerobic respiration (requires oxygen)
5
Q
Another word for anaerobic respiration
A
glycolysis
6
Q
T/F: aerobic respiration is considered the primitive type of respiration
A
F, anaerobic
7
Q
Formula for glycolysis
A
glucose -> 2 pyruvic acid + electron carriers
8
Q
In aerobic respiration pyruvic acid is converted into (full pathway)
A
acetyl CoA -> citric acid + electron carriers
9
Q
Citric acid enters into this cycle
A
krebs cycle
10
Q
All electron carriers enter this chain
A
electron transport chain
11
Q
This combines with acetyl CoA to from this in the krebs cycle
A
Oxaloacetic acid
citric acid
12
Q
These are formed during the krebs cycle (energy)
A
3 NADH
1 ATP
1 FADH2
13
Q
In the electron transport chain these are pumped into this space
A
hydrogen ions
intermembrane space
14
Q
This is needed to activate the hydrogen pumps
A
electron carriers
15
Q
These are imbedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria and assist in the electron transport chain
A
enzyme systems
16
Q
As electrons move from one enzyme system to the next this occurs
A
hydrogen ions are pumped into the intermembrane space
17
Q
These two things are used to produce ATP in the electron transport chain
A
High H+ concentration ATP Synthase (ADP + Pi = ATP)
18
Q
This much ATP is produced through aerobic respiration
A
30
19
Q
This many ATP are produce by the krebs cycle and glycolysis
A
4
20
Q
This many ATP are produce by the electron transport chain
A
26
21
Q
Acetyl CoA can be converted into this four things
A
Citric acid (krebs cycle)
fatty acids
ketone bodies
cholesterol
22
Q
Energy source preference: brain
A
glucose
23
Q
Energy source preference: skeletal muscles (resting)
A
Fatty acids
24
Q
Energy source preference: liver
A
fatty acids
25
Energy source preference: Heart
fatty acids
26
Insulin facilitates this
uptake of glucose into cells from the blood
27
Insulin increase does this
reduces blood sugar levels
| increases uptake of glucose into cells
28
Two types of cells in the pancreatic islets
alpha cells
| beta cells
29
Beta cells produce this
insulin
30
alpha cells produce this
glucagon
31
Insulin surge happens at this time
just after eating
32
Starving in terms of physiology occurs at this time
approx 4 hours after eating
33
Glucagon surge happens at this time
starvation
34
When blood glucose levels go down this occurs
alpha cells secrete more glucagon (reduced insulin secretion)reduces cellualar uptake of glucose
increases glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis
blood glucose levels increase
35
glycogenolysis
glycogen is broken down and glucose is released into the blood
36
gluconeogenesis
conversion of non-carbohydrates into glucose
37
Both insulin and glucagon have this effect on blood glucose
negative
38
How is insulin secreted
```
Stimulus: increase in blood glucose
GLUT4 receptor (on beta cell) allows glucose into the cell
Leads to insulin being released into the blood
```
39
You are considered diabetic if you have a blood glucose level above this about 2 hours after eating
200 mg/dl
40
Review blood glucose/ plasma insulin slide from the podcast
...
41
When plasma insulin levels do not increase after a meal the person is said to have this type of diabetes
Type 1
42
Metabolism as he relates to glucose after absorption of a meal
Glucose (+)
Insulin (+),
glucagon (-)
Insulin/glucagon ratio (+)
anabolic formation of glycogen, fat, and protein
Blood glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, and ketone bodies (-)
43
Metabolism as it relates to glucose after fasting
glucose (-)
insulin (-) glucagon (+)
insulin/glucagon ratio (-)
catabolic hydrolysis of glycogen, fat, and protein + gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis
Blood glucose, amino acids fatty acids, and ketone bodies (+)
44
Type 1 diabetes is caused by the reduction of this, is this type of disease
beta cells
| auto-immune
45
type 1 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment
```
under 20
rapid
about 10%
common
rare
destroyed
decreased
present
yes
insulin injections
```
46
Type 2 diabetes: age of onset, development of symptoms, percent of diabetic population, development of ketoacidosis, associating with obesity, beta cells of islets, insulin secretion, autoantibodies to islet cells, associated with particular MHC antigens, treatment
```
over 40
slow
about 90%
rare
common
not destroyed
normal or increased
absen
unclear
diet and exercise or oral stimulators of insulin sensitivity
```
47
Review glucose and insulin graphs towards end of post cast
...
48
the most severe type 2 diabetics may need this
insulin
49
What do me measure to determine the resting metabolic rate of a human (indirect)
O2 consumption
50
PKU stands for
Phenylketonuria
51
What is phenylketonuria
Autosomal recessive genetic disorder characterized by the inability to convert phenylalanine into tyrosine
52
T/F: PKU is a food allergy
F
53
What happens to ingested phenylalanine in someone with PKU
it stays in the body and accumulates over time
54
Causes of PKU
Insufficient amounts of hepatic phenylalanine hydroxylaxe (PAH) results in high accumulations of phenylalanine in the body
55
Phenylalanine accumulations are very damaging to these
neurons, and cause irreversible damage to the brain
56
Signs and symptoms of PKU
Intellectual disability/delayed development
psychological problems (social behavior, emotional)
psychiatric disorders
neurological disorders
musty odor as a side effect of excess phenylalanine in the body
57
What is the time frame for newborns in the US to take a PKU screeening, and where is the blood drawn from
24-72 hours after birth, blood is drawn via heel
58
Phenylalanine is found here
```
meat
cheese
milk
aspartame (artificial sweetener, should be avoided)
(high protein foods)
```
59
PKU positive individuals consume this
a diet with no to little phenylalanine
60
What is done for PKU positive individuals to get proper protein intake
special protein formulas are common
61
Children born with PKU (blank in blank)
1 in 15000
62
Prognosis of PKU
normal life if caught early and diet is free of phenylalanine
63
How does PKU affect pregnancy
pregnant women with PKU have increased risk of miscarriage
| babies of mothers with PKU may experience developmental problems
64
Relationship between surface area and volume and how it relates to metabolism
Higher metabolism = (higher surface area:volume)
| Lower metabolism = (lower surface area:volume)
65
Factors that alter metabolic rate (10)
```
Age
Sex
sleep
climate
fever
malnutrition
specific dynamic action of foods (SDA effect)
hormones
physical activity
mental activity
```
66
Study the worksheet on factors altering metabolic rate
okay...
67
Absorptive state
3-4 hours after a meal which food that has been consumed is processed by the digestive tract and absorbed into our tissues
linked to insulin levels rising, glucagon levels falling
68
Post absorptive state
occurs between meals when our energy intake is lower than our use of energy
linked to glucagon levels rising, insulin levels falling
69
This occurs during the postabsorptive state
complex molecules such as fats and glycogen stored in adipocytes and muscle are broken down and released into the blood to meet the energetic demands of cellular metabolic activities
70
Two hormones involved in the regulation of blood glucose
insulin
| glucagon
71
This is the preferred energy source for most of our cells
glucose
72
Insulin and glucagon are this type of hormone
peptide
73
Insulin is secreted by this cells
Beta-cells in the pancreas
74
Normal concentration of blood glucose
90-100 mg/dl (of blood)
75
Fasting blood glucose levels are in this range
70-110 mg/dl (of blood)
76
A normal persons blood glucose levels rarely exceed this value
170 mg/dl
77
Hyperglycemia
low rate of glucose transport into cells which leads to high concentrations of glucose in the blood
78
Hypoglycemia
excess of insulin causes a decrease in the level of blood glucose
also depends on the individuals dietary intake of glucose
79
Glucagon is secreted by these cells
alpha-cells of the pancreas
80
Glucagon facilitates these
processes of the post absorptive state
glycogenolysis
gluconeogenesis
inhibiting synthesis of glycogen and fat
81
Diabetes mellitus
a lack of or reduction of insulin (type 1)
| cellular resistance to insulin (type 2)
82
Type 1 diabetes occurs when this happens
beta-cells are destroyed due to an autoiummune attack
83
Increased metabolism of fats associated with diabetes mellitus does this
increases the amount of ketone bodies (acetone), which are intermediate products of fat breakdown into the blood
84
Excessive ketone bodies in the blood can lead to this condition
acidosis (acidotic)
85
Reduction of these dietary componet can result in lower effects of type 2 diabetes
carbohydrates
86
Glucosuria
urinary excretion of glucose that results when concentration of blood glucose exceeds the threshold level for total reabsorption by the kidney
87
Polyuria
excretion of large quantites of water in urine caused by elevated osmolarity of urine
88
Polydipsia
excessive water intake
89
Three major characterisitcs of diabetes mellitus
Glucosuria
polyuria
polydipsia
90
Review the normal vs diabetic blood glucose chart on page 126 of the lab manual
okay...
91
Review blood glucose/plasma insulin/ time graphs
okay..
92
review circular path (figure 8) graph in pod cast
okay..
93
aerobic respiration as described in the lecture portion of class
acetyl CoA - citric acid - krebs cycle - electron transport
94
Key points of type 1 diabetes (4)
juvenille
less common
autoimmune (beta-cells)
mainly genetic
95
key points of type 2 diabetes (3)
more common
cells become unresponsive to insulin
causes are obesity, family history
96
Traits of insulin 3
produced in beta cells of pancreas
released when blood glucose is high
Increase in reuptake of glucose
97
traits of glucagon
produced in alpha islet cells of pancreas
released when blood glucose is low
decreases reuptake of glucose
increases glyconeolysis, glyconeogenesis
98
metabolic rate
measures the amount of energy used by a person's body per unit of time
99
Units for metabolic rate
Kcal/kg/hour or Kcal/m^2 (body surface area)/hour
100
Nearly all the energy the body uses is eventually convered to this
heat
101
What is not converted to heat
external work
102
Calorimetry
measure of heat produced by organisms when not doing work
103
Calorimeter
insulated chamber contained a water jacket that absorbs heat coming from the body
104
Direct calorimetry
measuring the heat evolved from the body to determine metabolic rate
105
Indirect calorimetry
measuring the amount of oxygen used by the body to determine metabolic rate
106
Basal metabolic rate
resting (awake) metabolic rate
107
Instrument used in class to measure oxygen consumption
respirometer
108
Exhaled carbon dioxide is captured by this substance
soda lime
109
STPD factor
standard temperature pressure dry factor
110
Surface area law
law that states the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to its surface area
111
Surface area is roughly proportional to this value
weight ^ 0.67 for objects of similar geometry and specific gravity
112
These where based on the surface area law
DuBois studies
113
Formula to determine metabolic rate
```
M = aW^b
Log M = log a + b log W
M = metabolic rate
a = metabolic rate/unit weight
W = body weight
b = rate at which metabolism changes with size
```
114
Average value of b
0.75
115
Skeletal muscle does this
works with the skeletal system (bone) to produce movement
116
Connective tissue surrounding muscle
epimysium
117
A bundle of muscle cells is called this, and is surrounded in this
fascial
| perimysium
118
Muscle cell name, and what it is surrrounded by
muscle fiber
| endomysium
119
T/F: connective tissue is continuous with the tendon
t
120
Striations in the skeletal muscle reflect this
the arangement of the microfilaments within the muscle
121
T/F: skeletal muscles are multinucliate
T
122
Single muscle cells fuse togeather to form this type of structure
syncytium
123
T/F: muscle fibers are usually short
F, they can be very long (up to feet long)
124
T/F: skeletal muscle is involuntary
F
125
This provides the stimulus for skeletal movement
motor neurons from motor areas of the brain
126
Name for the synapse between motor neurons and muscle fibers
neuromuscular junction
127
The termiinus of the axon attaches to this on the muscle fiber
motor end plate
128
Neurotransmitter present in vesicles at the axon terminus
acetycholine
129
All muscle fibers innervated by a single neuron are called this
motor unit
130
Small motor units have this
very precise contractions
| weak strength
131
large motor units have this
imprecise contractions
| greater strength of contraction
132
Functional unit of the muscle fiber
sarcomere
133
The ends of the sarcomere are know as this
z lines (discs)
134
Thin filaments are known as
actin
135
thick filaments are known as
myosin
136
This is where only actin is present
I band
137
This is where we have both action and myosin
a band
138
This is where there is only myosin
h zone
139
myosin attaches to eachother at this spot
m line
140
This is known as the sliding filament theory
when the muscle contracts the z disks come closer togeather as a result of the actin and myosin sliding past eachother
141
The name for the connection between actin and myosin
crossbridge
142
During the power stroke this occurs
myosin head bend towards the m line
143
This provides energy for myosin to move from a relaxed state to a contracted state
ATP
144
This occurs when a person dies for this reason
Rigor Mortis
| loss of ATP
145
These overlap the G-actin
Tropomyosin
| troponin complex
146
The G-actin has this
active sights for attactment to myosin
147
this moves the tropmyosin complex to allow access to the active sights on G-actin to the myosin head and results in this
Ca++
| contraction
148
Pathway of a stimulus to a muscle cell
stimulus starts in sarcolemma
enter through T-tubules
T-tubules trigger the sarcplasmic reticulum to release Ca++
Ca++ triggers the myosin to bind the new revealed active sites on the actin
149
Summation
closer the stimuli the greater the "piggy backing" effect
150
Incomplete tetanus
Stimuli are summed together to create a contration
151
complete tenanus
The fiber is said to be fuse and there is no relaxation between contractions
Eventually the muscle will fatigue causing relaxation
152
Review videos (pod casts for information over figures)
okay
153
Strongest (most contraction)
intermediate levels of overlap
154
What full is most used in the first 30 min of exercise (mild exercise)
free fatty acids
155
this occurs as exercise intensity is increased
more and more muscle glycogen is used, and less free fatty acids are used
156
If you want to use free fatty acids as a primary source of energy you need to exercise in this manor
mild intensity
157
Three types of muscle fibers
Slow (type 1)
Fast (type IIA)
Fast (type IIX)
158
Slow type 1 muscle fibers use this type of respiration
aerobic
159
Fast muscle fiber types are also known as this
white muscle fiber
160
Fast type muscle fibers use this type of respiration
anaerobic
161
Specific types of exercise can do this
create hypertrophy in the desired muscle type
162
Tubocurarine does this
effects the function of muscle
