Postlab quiz 11 Flashcards
(137 cards)
1
Q
What is hypoplasic left heart syndrome
A
Congenital birth defect that affects normal blood flow through the heart
2
Q
What occurs in hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
left side of fetal heart doesn’t form properly during pregnancy
3
Q
What is affected in hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
left ventricle mitral valve aortic valve ascending aorta atrial septal defect present
4
Q
Causes of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
Causes among babies are unknown, however, could be related to genetics or a combination of genes and other risk factors
5
Q
In addition to genes what are some examples of risk factors that may cause hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
Things the mother comes in contact with
surrounding environment
maternal food, drink, medication
6
Q
Signs and symptoms of hypoplasic left heart syndrome (8)
A
bluish or poor skin color cold hands and feet lethargy poor pulse poor feeding pounding heart rapid breathing shortness of breath
7
Q
When is hypoplastic left heart syndrome found
A
before birth via ultrasound
first few hours of life to a few days after birth
8
Q
Treatments for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
medication to strengthen heart muscle, lower blood pressure, and remove extra fluid
high-calorie formula because infants fatigue while feeding
surgery to increase blood flow and bypass poorly functioning side of heart
right ventricle becomes main pumping chamber after surgery
9
Q
Prognosis for hypoplastic left heart syndrome
A
if left untreated it is fatal
surgeries do not cure syndrome but help restore heart function
can have lifelong complications
need regular follow up visits with cardiologist
if requires heart transplant, have to take medicine for rest of life to prevent rejection (immuno suppressives)
10
Q
Another name for the Right atrium/ventricular valve
A
Tricuspid valve
11
Q
Another name for the left atrium/ventricular valve
A
Mitral valve (bicuspid)
12
Q
Review the anatomy of the heart
A
okay
13
Q
T/F: the right and left sides of the heart operate as separate pumps
A
F
14
Q
Flow of blood through the heart
A
Vena cava Right atrium tricuspid valve Right ventricle Pulmonary semilunar valve Pulmonary artery lungs pulmenary veins Left atrium bicuspid valve left ventricle aortic semilunar valve aorta
15
Q
Two characteristics of blood in the aorta
A
O2 rich
nutrient rich
16
Q
4 areas that stethoscopes are placed to listen to particular valves of the heart (clockwise starting at the top left)
A
Aortic area
pulmonic area
bicuspid (mitral) area
tricuspid area
17
Q
Heart contractions are know as
A
systole
18
Q
Heart relaxactions are known as
A
diastole
19
Q
This is ventricular systole
A
contraction of the ventricle
20
Q
This is atrial systole
A
contraction of the atrium
21
Q
Systole when used without clarification describes this
A
ventricular systole
22
Q
Duration of systole and diastole
A
- 3
0. 5
23
Q
Cardiac cycle characteristics (3)
A
less than 1 second normally
contraction faster than relaxation
atrial contraction followed by ventricular contraction
24
Q
Normal heart rate
A
72 beats per minute
25
Cardiac cycle (start to finish)
Atria contracting
Blood flows into ventricles
Ventricles contract
Blood flows into atria
26
Review how pressure changes in the ventricle correlate to volume changes in the ventricle (podcast, approximately 4 min. in)
okay
27
This is used to measure pressures associated with the heart and is measured at this location on the body
blood pressure
| biceps
28
This type of blood flow creates sound
turbulent
29
This type of blood flow does not create sound
Laminar
30
Starting blood pressure cuff pressure
140 mmHg
31
The first korotkoff sound signals this pressure
systolic pressure (maximum pressure the ventricle would produce)
32
The last korotkoff sounds signals this pressure
diastolic pressure
33
Average systolic and diastolic pressures
Systolic 120 mmHg
| Diastolic 80 mmHg
34
The pressure of the blood in the veinus portion of circulation is essentially this
0 mmHg
35
The mean pressure of blood is this
100 mmHg
36
The skeletal muscle pump does this
utilizes blood vessels being compressed by the muscles they lie betweenas they compress blood is driven towards the heart
37
Veins have these structures within them
valves
38
pulse pressure =
P(systolic) - P(diastolic)
39
Normal pulse pressure
40 mm Hg
40
Exercise pulse pressure may go as high as this
100 mmHg
41
When we exercise this happens to our systolic and diastolic pressures
Increasedecrease
42
Very low pulse pressure can be suggestive of this
congestive heart failure
| aortic stenosis
43
Reason for low pulse pressure with congestive heart failure
weak heart contractions
44
reason for low pulse pressure with aortic stenosis
Low blood volume caused by narrowing of aortic semilunar valve
45
The electrodes on the body during an electrocardiogram do this
investigate the change in potential of the heart muscle as it progressively contracts
46
What do the 3 leads compare in an electrocardiogram
I - Right arm to left arm
II - Right arm to left leg
III - Left arm to left leg
47
The typical ECG in lab utilizes this lead
II
48
Each wave of an ECG represents this
changes in polarity in the cardiac musculature
49
The P wave represents this
depolarization of the atria
50
The QRS wave represents thsi
depolarization of the ventricle
51
The T wave represents this
Re polarization of the ventricle
52
Repolarization of the atria takes places here
QRS phase
53
This is associated with ventricular contraction
Right after the QRS
54
This follows depolarization
contraction of the associated portion of the heart
55
The first heart sound is associated with this
the closing of the atrial ventricular valve
56
The Atrial/ventricular valve will close at this time
when the pressure in the ventricle is greater than the pressure in the atria
57
The second heart sound is associated with this
the closing of the semilunar valve
58
The semilunar valve will close at this time
when the pressure in the aorta is greater than the pressure in the ventricle
59
Wiggers diagram (4)
Correlates pressures in aorta, ventrical, atria
Identifies part of the graph where AV and semilunar valves open and close Correlates with ECG
Identifies when the first and second heart sounds occur
60
Ischemia
Reduced blood flow to the ventricle
61
Bradycardia means
slow heart rate
62
sinus means
origin is in the sinal/atrial node
63
Tachycardia means
fast heart rate
64
ventricular means (ECG)
Everything on the ECG is originated in the ventricles
65
Tachycardia means a heart rate over this
140 beats per minute
66
In sinus tachycardia we see this on the ECG
Normal P, QRS, T waves happening very quickly
67
In ventricular fibrillation we see this on the ECG
The ventricle is not contracting in any sort of coordinated manor
68
How does cholesterol effect us
formation of plaques that can block blood vessels
| May also ulcerate and release a piece of tissue that may cause a blockage elsewhere in the body
69
CABG
coronary artery bypass graft
70
Two common areas of blockage in the heart
left anterior descending
| right coronary artery
71
Be able to draw and label the blood pressure images from lecture
okay
72
Be able to draw and label wiggers diagram
okay
73
Be able to draw and describe heart blocks
okay
74
Be able to draw and label ECG
okay
75
Be able to drawn and label the valsalva maneuver (blood pressure to pulse wave) from handout
okay
76
Be able to draw and label Einthoven's triangle
okay
77
Normal axis of the heart
59 degrees
78
this angle describes a left axis deviation of the heart
<0 degrees
79
this angle describes a right axis deviation of the heart
>90 degrees
80
Atherosclerosis
hardening of arteries
81
Causes of atherosclerosis
high levels of cholestrol
toxins/cigarettes
hypertension
82
plaque
cholesterol, fats, calcium(makes hard)
| reduce blood flow
83
ulcerate
rupture of plaque
84
Thrombus
blood clot
85
Stethoscope
tool used to hear sounds inside the body
86
Most useful clinical measurements that can be taken
blood pressure
87
Blood pressure refers to this
pressure exerted by the blood against the vessel walls
88
This blood pressure is the most useful and is the most frequently measured pressure
arterial blood pressure
89
Systolic blood pressure
highest pressure in the artery produced in the hearts contraction (systolic) phase
90
Diastolic blood pressure
lowest pressure in the artery, produced in the heart's relaxation (diastolic) phase
91
Blood pressure provides us with this information
the heart's pumping efficiency and the condition of the systemic blood vessels
92
Systolic blood pressure indicates this
the force of contraction of the heart
93
diastolic blood pressure indicates this
the condition of the systemic blood vessels
94
These are some causes of blood pressure increase as we age
loss of elasticity of the vessels
| deposits of cholesterol and other lipids on the blood vessel walls
95
T/F: it is important to get many blood pressure readings to determine if there are any problems
T
96
Two measurements of blood pressure
direct methood
| indirect method
97
indirect method of measuring blood pressure
pressure is applied externally to the artery and the pressure is determined by listening to arterial sounds
98
Indirect method of measure blood pressure is also known as
auscultatory method
99
Instrument used to apply pressure to the artery in indirect measurement of blood pressure
sphygmomanometer
100
Human blood pressure is most commonly measured here
in the brachial artery of the upper arm
101
Why is the brachial artery use to measure blood pressure
same level as the heart so pressures are close to the pressure in the aorta leaving the heart
102
The cold pressor test is used to demonstrate this
the effect of sensory stimulus (cold) on blood pressure
103
The normal reflex response to a cold stimulus is this on blood pressure
increase in blood pressure (10 mmHg systolic)
104
The highest blood pressure occurs at this point
when the ventricle contracts forcing blood into the artery
105
The lowest blood pressure occurs at this point
when the heart is in its relaxation phase and no blood is flowing through the semilunar valves
106
The dicrotic notch results when this occurs
the aortic semilunar valves close causing the blood in the aorta to rebound against the arterial walls to produce a slight elevation in pressure
107
ECG stands for
electrocardiogram
108
This is first rubbed on the skin to remove oil and dead cells this increase conduction
electrolyte jelly (NaCl or KCl)
109
The ground on the right leg of an ecg serves this purpose
it is a ground connection that prevents unwanted external potential fields from distorting the records
110
The father of the electrocardiogram
Willem Einthoven
111
Einthoven's law
Lead 1 + lead 3 = Lead 2
112
attempting to exhale forcefully against a close glottis is called this
valsalva maneuver
113
using einthoven's triangle and law you can calculate the overall direction and magnitude of the impulses conducted over the heart and is called
electrical axis of the heart
114
Left lung has this many lobes, and the right lung has this many lobes
2
| 3
115
Flow of air into the lungs
```
trachea
primary bronchus
bronchial tree
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar sacs
alveoli
```
116
Most gas exhange takes place here
alveoli (alveolar sacs)
117
Some gas exchange takes place here
respiratory bronchioles
118
Conducting zone of respiratory system includes
```
larynx
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
trachea
carina
right and left primary branchus
```
119
Gas exchange takes place in this zone
respiratory zone
120
Type 1 alveolar cells form thsi
the wall
121
type 2 alveolar cells form this
surfactant
122
look up what surfactant is
okay
123
Macrophages do this
take out any pathogens or debris inside the alvoli
124
Flow of O2 and CO2 in the respiratory zone
O2 into the capillary from the alveolus
| CO2 into the alveolus from the capillary
125
Two types of breathing
normal
| forced
126
These contract in normal breathing and have this affect
diaphragm
external intercostals
expansion of the thorasic cavity and lung volume, decreasing intrapulmonary pressure to about -3mmHg
127
These contract in forced (inhalation) breathing and have this affect
```
diaphragm
external intercostals
sternocleidomastoid\
scalenes
parasternal intercostals
expansion of lung capacity over what is considered normal decreases intrapulmonary pressure to about -20 mmHg or lower
```
128
These contract in forced (exhalation) breathing and have this affect
```
internal intercostals
external abdominal oblique
internal abdominal oblique
transversus abdominis
rectus abdominis
force air out of the lungs, increasing intrapulmonary pressure to +30 mmHg or higher
```
129
Review the mechanics of breathign
20:30 podcast
130
What happens during normal expiration
relaxation of the diaphragm and external intercostals, plus elastic recoil of lungs, decreases lung volume and increases intrapulmonary pressure to about +3mmHg
131
name of the equipment used to determine lung volume, and how it works
Transducer
| measures/compares pressures on both sides of the diaphragm to calculate lung volume
132
Use this when doing the lung volume test to reduce pathogens
biofilter
133
Emphysema
progressive condition in which alveolar tissue is destroyed resulting in fewer but larger alveoli
134
emphysema results in this
decrease in surface area for gas exchange
135
asthma
an obstruction of airflow through the bronchioles occuring in episodes.
136
What is the obstruction caused by in asthma
inflammation of airway mucosa and bronchoconstriction (conduction zones)
137
Three experiments of this lab
recording respiratory movements
measuring respiratory volume
measuring pulmonary function
