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2ND YR 1S > PR MALARIAL > Flashcards

PR MALARIAL Flashcards

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1
Q

Intracellular protozoans

A

Malarial Parasites

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2
Q

Phylum of Malarial Parasites

A

Phylum Apicomplexa

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3
Q

Life cycle of Malarial Parasites

A

alternating sexual (sporogony) and asexual
stages (schizogony)

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4
Q

Vector of Malarial Parasites

A

Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris mosquito

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5
Q

Immediate Host

A

Man

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6
Q

Habitat

A

Livers and RBCs of humans

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7
Q

Infective stage to mosquito

A

gametocytes

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8
Q

Infective stage to man

A

sporozoites

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9
Q

MOT

A

mosquito bite, blood transfusion, congenital

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10
Q

Asexual cycle of parasite

A

Exo-erythrocytic cycle / Schizogony Cycle

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11
Q

where does schizogony cycle happen

A

in liver cells

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12
Q

life cycle when Mosquito bites human, injects sporozoites

A

Schizogony cycle

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13
Q

EXO-ERTHROCYTIC CYCLE

minutes before it reaches liver

A

30-40 minutes

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14
Q

merozoites undergo asexual reproduction

A

schizogony

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15
Q

what cells do sporozoites infect

A

liver cells

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16
Q

dormant merozoites seen in P. ovale and P. vivax

A

hypnozoites

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17
Q

life cycle when merozoites from liver infect RBCs

A

Eryrthrocytic cycle

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18
Q

sexual cycle

A

Sporogonic cycle

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19
Q

entire cycle of mosquito (days)

A

8-35 days

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20
Q

Sequential Phase of Paroxysms

A
  1. Chills
  2. Fever
  3. Sweating / Diaphoresis
  4. Normal
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21
Q

pigment found in Plasmodium species as a result of the parasite feeding on hemoglobin

A

Hemozoin

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22
Q

Most prevalent Plasmodium in the Philippines

A

Plasmodium falciparum

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23
Q

P. falciparum

Merozoites develop in _______

A

parasitophorous vacuolar membrane (PVM)

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24
Q

P. falciparum

what happens when merozoites invade RBCs

A

RBC reduce their deformability

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25
P. falciparum Type of Malaria
Malignant Tertian Malaria
26
P. falciparum Paroxysmal Cycle
36-48 hours
27
P. falciparum Type of RBC infected Size of Parasitized RBC
Type of RBC infected - all forms Size of Parasitized RBC - normal
28
P. falciparum Presence of RBC stages
Ring forms, gametocytes
29
P. falciparum Ring Forms
- 2 chromatin dots - multiple ring forms - has Accole/applique
30
P. falciparum Developing Trophozoite Merozoites
- Developing Trophozoite : Heavy ring forms - Merozoites : 20-24
31
P. falciparum Schizont (# of merozoites)
8-36 Average : 22-24
32
P. falciparum Microgametocyte Macrogametocyte
- Microgametocyte : Sausage shaped & Diffuse Chromatin - Macrogametocyte : Crescent shaped & Compact Chromatin
33
seen in macrogametocyte of P. falciparum and is a remnant of RBC
Laveran Bib
34
P. falciparum Stipplings
Maurer's Cleft
35
P. falciparum Incubation Period
8-11 days
36
P. falciparum where does schizogony occur
internal organs
37
metabolic product of parasite
Hemozoin
38
most severe clinical manifestation of P. falciparum
Cerebral malaria
39
happens if malaria if complicated and not treated immediately
Cerebral malaria
40
Massive intravascular hemolysis and hemoglobinuria due to P. falciparum
Severe blackwater fever
41
Increase in RBC destruction leads to release of hemoglobin in the urinary system
Hemoglobinuria
42
Causes abdominal pain, hepatomegaly, upper GI bleeding, nausea (with or without jaundice)
Dysenteric Malaria
43
Rapid development of hypotension
Algid Malaria
44
Because of hemoglobin to the kidneys
Acute renal failure
45
Blood clots form throughout the body (blocking the small blood vessels)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
46
P. falciparum Shortest pre-patent period
9-10 days
47
P. falciparum Pre-erythrocytic stage
5 1⁄2 - 7 days
48
concept of Recrudescence
renewal of parasitemia from persistent undetectable asexual parasitemia
49
Most prevalent species (widest distribution)
Plasmodium vivax
50
Target RBC of P. vivax
Young RBCs - reticulocytes
51
T/F Relapses can occur in P. vivax
True
52
what is more severe ovale or vivax
vivax
53
P. vivax Incubation period Pre-patent period Pre-erythrocytic stage
1. Incubation period : 8-17 days 2. Pre-patent period : 11-13 days 3. Pre-erythrocytic stage : 6-8 days
54
P. vivax Type of Malaria
Benign Tertian Malaria
55
P. vivax Paroxysmal Cycle
48-72 hours
56
P. vivax Type of RBC infected Size of Parasitized RBC
Type of RBC infected : Young RBCs Size of Parasitized RBC : enlarged RBCs (1.5-2 times)
57
P. vivax Presence of RBC stages
All stages present
58
P. vivax Ring forms
- Large ring form - Big/heavy chromatin dot - Signet ring appearance
59
P. vivax Developing Trophozoite
Ameboid/bizarre looking
60
P. vivax Schizont
12-24 merozoites
61
P. vivax Microgametocyte Macrogametocyte
Microgametocyte : round, large pink to purple chromatin mass Macrogametocyte : round, eccentric chromatin mass
62
P. vivax Stipplings
Schuffner's dots - infected RBC with red dots
63
Infections usually benign
Plasmodium ovale / vivax
64
occurs after 6-10 paroxysms
Spontaneous recovery
65
P. ovale Presence of 2 distinct nonrecombining species
1. Classic: Plasmodium ovale curtisi 2. Variant: Plasmodium ovale wallikeri
66
P. ovale Incubation period Pre-patent period Pre-erythrocytic stage
Incubation period: 10-17 days Pre-patent period: 11-13 days Pre-erythrocytic stage: 9 days
67
P. ovale Type of Malaria
Ovale Tertian Malaria
68
P. ovale Paroxysmal Cycle
48 hours-72 hours
69
P. ovale Type of RBC infected Size of Parasitized RBC
Type of RBC infected : Young Size of Parasitized RBC : Enlarged RBC with serrated or fimbriated edge
70
P. ovale Presence of RBC stages
All stages present
71
P. ovale Ring Forms
Large rings
72
P. ovale Developing trophozoite
- Non-ameboid - Ring-shaped - Similar to vivax - Serrated/fimbriated
73
P. ovale Schizont
8 merozoites
74
P. ovale Microgametocyte Macrogametocyte
Microgametocyte : round gametocytes Macrogametocyte : Smaller than P. vivax
75
P. ovale Schizont
8 merozoites
76
P. ovale Stipplings
James’ dots
77
plasmodium with longest incubation
Plasmodium malariae
78
P. malariae Type of Malaria
Quartan Malaria
79
P. malariae Paroxysmal Cycle
72 hours
80
P. malariae Type of RBC infected Size of Parasitized RBC
Type of RBC infected : Old RBCS (Senescent RBCS) Size of Parasitized RBC : Normal
81
P. malariae Presence of RBC stages
Few ring forms seen (mostly trophozoites and schizonts)
82
P. malariae Ring Forms
- Heavy chromatin dot (bird’s eye appearance) - Small form
83
P. malariae Developing Trophozoite
Band formation or Inverted basket form
84
P. malariae Schizont
- 6-12 merozoites - rosette/fruit-pie appearance
85
P. malariae Microgametocyte Macrogametocyte
Microgametocyte : Round gametocytes Macrogametocyte : Same ^^ (smaller than vivax)
86
P. malariae Stipplings
Ziemann’s dots
87
Quartan Malaria incubation period
27-50 days (longest)
88
Complication of P. malariae
- Nephrotic syndrome is common - Immune complex deposition (antigen-antibody complex) in the glomerulus/kidney
89
same morphology with malariae and differentiated through molecular methods (PCR) and molecular characterization
Plasmodium knowlesi
90
P. knowlesi Type of Malaria
Simian Malaria, Quotidian Malaria
91
P. knowlesi Paroxysmal Cycle
24 hours (has the shortest erythrocytic cycle)
92
P. knowlesi Type of RBC infected Size of Parasitized RBC
Type of RBC infected : can infect all Size of Parasitized RBC : normal
93
P. knowlesi Ring forms
1. Early ring form: like falciparum 2. Later ring form: like malariae
94
P. knowlesi Developing Trophozoite
Band formation
95
Plasmodium that undergoes recrudescence
P. malariae and P. falciparum
96
Plasmodium that undergoes relapse
P. ovale and P. vivax
97
Primary mosquito vector
Anopheles minimus flavirostris
98
Characteristics of Anopheles minimus flavirostris
- Only female bites (for egg nourishment and ovulation, males only go to flowers) - Night biter (10pm – 2am) - Exophagic and Endophagic - Antropophilic and zoophilic
99
Transmits malaria in hilly or high altitudes
Anopheles maculatus
100
Characteristics of Anopheles maculatus
- Zoopholic - Exophagic
101
transmits in coastal areas
Anopheles litoralis
102
Characteristics of Anopheles litoralis
- larvae breeds in salt or brackish (mix of fresh and salt water) waters - anthropophilic - exophagic
103
transmits in forest-fringe areas
Anopheles mangyanus
104
transmits in forests
Anopheles balabacensis
105
secondary vector of malaria in the country
Anopheles balabacensis
106
Characteristics of Anopheles balabacensis
- breed in stagnant water, hoof prints (when water goes inside the prints), dug wells - anthropophilic
107
primary mosquito vector in Africa
Anopheles gambiae
108
Reason why Anopheles gambiae best vector of malaria
- bites humans only - longer life span compared to other species - more time to bite people
109
A sequence of Chills, Fever, and Sweat and a characteristic periodicity
Classical Paroxysm
110
Intense Cold phase that would last for ________ mins
15 - 60 mins
111
what happens during Chills
- Shatter (vigorous shivering) - There is muscle contraction - Coincide with the bursting of RC
112
what happens during Fever
- There will be a release of fever-inducing substances can promote inflammation - Intense Heat, drying burning skin - Throbbing headache
113
Fever-inducing substances
1. Release of pyrogens 2. Release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) that
114
Duration of Fever
2-6 hours
115
Duration of Sweating
2-4 hours
116
what happens during Sweating
- The body cannot maintain the high body temperature, and the body will decrease this by sweating - There will be profuse sweating - Exhausted and weak → sleep
117
Pathogenesis is due to
1. RBC hemolysis 2. Release of parasite metabolites 3. Immunologic response 4. Malarial pigment (hemozoin)
118
3 components of apical complex
rhoptries, dense granules, micronemes
119
Purpose of apical complex
cell invasion to the host cell
120
Formation of knobs on infected RBCs
Cytoadherence
121
What does P. falciparum form during cytoadherence
parasite forms parasitophorous vacuole in the RBC (merozoite is inside)
122
bind and attach RBCs to the wall of the blood vessels
PfEMP1
123
main component of the knob
PfEMP1
124
PfEMP1
Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein
125
receptors on surface of blood vessels
ICAM-1
126
ICAM-1
intercellular adhesion molecule 1
127
Sample used for laboratory diagnosis
capillary blood, peripheral blood
128
gold standard for detecting Plasmodium spp.
microscopic examination of the thick and thin smear
129
purpose of thick smear
quantification and screening of parasite
130
purpose of thin smear
species identification
131
other diagnostic method used
Quantitative Buffy Coat (QBC)
132
stain used in QBC
acridine orange stain
133
seen when Plasmodium is detected using QBC
(+) bright green and yellow under fluorescence microscope
134
Antigen produced by Falciparum trophozoite and gametocytes
HRP-II: histidine rich protein
135
can distinguish Falciparum from non-Falciparum species
pLDH: parasite lactate dehydrogenase
136
Main treatment for uncomplicated P. falciparum, vivax, malariae, and ovale
Chloroquine
137
WHO recommended drug for falciparum and malariae
Arthemether combination treatment
138
severe malaria and DOC for pregnant women
Quinine
139
severe malaria
Artesunate
140
relapsing vivax or ovale malariae
Primaquine
141
not given to women and children (target the bones)
Doxycycline
142
Prevention for Plasmodium spp.
- Early diagnosis - Prophylaxis - Use of insecticide treated nets and repellants (target vector) - Use of larviparous fish (prevent transmission) - Use of larvicides (kill larva) (secretes toxin that kills larva) - Health education - No clear vaccine

2ND YR 1S (16 decks)

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