PRL U4 Flashcards
1
Q
Parasite
African trypanosomiasis
A
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
2
Q
Parasite
Chagas disease, American trypanosomiasis
A
Trypanosoma cruzi
3
Q
Parasite
Leishmaniasis
A
Leishmania spp.
4
Q
Parasite
Malaria
A
Plasmodium spp.
5
Q
Parasite
Babesia
A
Babesia spp.
6
Q
Vector of Trypanosoma brucei complex
A
Glossina spp. (Tsetse fly)
7
Q
Vector of Trypanosoma cruzi
A
Triatoma (“kissing”) bugs
8
Q
Vector of Leishmania spp.
A
Phlebotomine sand flies
9
Q
Vector of Malaria
A
Anopheles mosquitoes
10
Q
Vector of Babesia spp.
A
Ticks
11
Q
4 morphological forms
A
- Amastigote – (Donovan Leishman)
- Promastigote – (Leptomonas)
- Epimastigote – (Crithidia)
- Trypomastigote
12
Q
Characteristics of Amastigote
A
non-flagellated oval form
13
Q
Characteristics of Promastigote
A
Flagellated stage found in the vector, rarely seen in the blood
14
Q
Characteristics of Epimastigote
A
Long, slender flagellated form Found in arthropod vectors
15
Q
Characteristics of Trypomastigote
A
has undulating membrane running the length of the body, found in the vector and bloodstream of humans
16
Q
forms are found in Trypanosoma cruzi infections
A
All forms : amastigote, promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote
17
Q
forms seen in Trypanosoma brucei infections
A
epimastigote and trypomastigote
18
Q
forms seen in Leishmania infections
A
amastigote and promastigote
19
Q
Diagnostic Stages (found in humans)
A
amastigote and or trypomastigote
20
Q
Mature forms
A
promastigote, epimastigote, trypomastigote
21
Q
Trypanosoma is also called
A
African Sleeping Sickness
American Trypanosomiasis
22
Q
General characteristics of Trypanosoma
A
- Multiply by binary fission
- Found in the blood
23
Q
Trypanosoma cruzi Infective Stage
A
Metacyclic trypomastigote
24
Q
Trypanosoma cruzi Diagnostic Stage
A
Humans : amastigote
Blood : trypomastigote
25
Diagnosis of Trypanosoma is made by
microscopic examination of blood, CSF, lymph node aspirate, chancre aspirate, microhematocrit centrifugation, serologic testing
26
Trypanosomiasis occurs mainly in
Africa and South America
27
2 species of Trypanosoma brucei complex
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
28
causes African trypanosomiasis or african sleeping sickness
Trypanosoma brucei
29
Trypanosoma brucei infects (system)
the lymphatic system and CNS
30
Symptoms caused by Trypanosoma brucei
Swollen lymph nodes at the posterior base of the neck
31
Causes Chagas disease or American Trypanosomiasis
Trypanosoma cruzi
32
symptoms of Trypanosoma cruzi
lesion formation, conjunctivitis, edema of the face and legs, and heart muscle involvement leading to myocarditis
33
periorbital swelling caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
Romañas sign
34
other called African Trypanosomiasis
“African Sleeping Sickness”
35
MOT African Trypanosomiasis
Mother to child infection, Blood transfusion, Sexual contact, Mechanical transmission
36
East african Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
37
Primary reservoir of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Animals (wild and domestic), antilope, cows and carabaos
38
Illness caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Acute (early CNS invasion), <9 mos
39
Lymphadenopathy of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Minimal
40
Parasitemia of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
High
41
Epidemiology of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Antropozoonosis
42
Recommended specimes
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
Chancre aspirate, lymph node aspirate, blood, CSF
43
West african Trypanosoma
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
44
Primary reservoirs
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Humans
45
Illness
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Chronic (late CNS invasion), months to years
46
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
47
Lymphadenopathy
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Prominent
48
Parasitemia
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Low
49
Epidemiology
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Anthroponosis, rural populations
50
Recommended specimens
Trypanosoma brucei gambiense
Chancre aspirate, lymph node aspirate, blood, CSF
51
Initial lesion of African Trypanosomiasis
local, painful, pruritic, erythematous
52
African Trypanosomiasis Stage 1
Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
53
Symptoms of African Trypanosomiasis Stage 1
Fever
Headache
Joint pain
Malaise
Winter bottom’s sign
54
Occurs when trypomastigotes enter the hemolymphatic system to
undergo asexual reproduction
Early HAT (Haemolymphatic Stage)
55
enlargement of cervical lymph node
Winter bottom's sign
56
has CNS involvement
Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
57
delayed sensation caused by trypanosomes affecting BBB
Kerandel's sign
58
Symptoms of Late HAT (Meningoencephalitic stage)
* Sleeping sickness
* Neurologic symptoms
* Personality changes, headaches, and withdrawal from the environment
* Nocturnal
* Insomnia
* Daytime lethargy
* Secondary infections = pneumonia
59
Stage 1 treatment
Pentamidine, Suramin
60
Stage 2 treatment
Melarsoprol, Eflornithine, Nifurtimox
61
Prevention of African Trypanosomiasis
* Control in the reservoir like livestock
* Remove scrub
* Education
* Public awareness
* Hygiene
62
Diagnosis of African Trypanosomiasis
* Demonstration of trypomastigote in chancre, lymph node aspirate, CSF
* Thick and thin blood smear (Giemsa)
* Buffy coat concentration
* Lymph node aspirates
63
other term for American Trypanosomiasis
Chagas Disease or South American trypanosomiasis
64
Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis
* Mediated via vectors = Kissing Bugs
* Ingestion of food contaminated with parasites
* Blood transfusions
* Fetal transfusion
* T. cruzi = by Carlos Chagas
65
Diagnostic stage of American trypanosomiasis
1. Trypomastigotes: bloodstream
2. Amastigotes: tissue cells
66
Pathogenesis of American Trypanosomiasis (Acute phase)
- 1 week after infection
- Fever, lymph node enlargement,
unilateral swelling of eyelids
- Damaged muscle cells and
edema
67
Pathogenesis of American Trypanosomiasis (Intermediate phase)
Asymptomatic
67
MOT of Romana's sign
accidentally rubbing of eyes using hands with feces
68
Pathogenesis of American Trypanosomiasis (Chronic phase)
Cardiac manifestation & gastrointestinal manifestation
69
Diagnosis stage of Acute Phase
1. Wet smear – blood, CSF = examination for motile
trypomastigote
2. Thick and Thin Smear (Stain = Giemsa)
3. CSF, tissue samples, lymph examination
4. Xenodiagnosis
70
Diagnosis stage of Chronic Phase
Serological testing
71
Leishmaniasis Old World
L. tropica, L. aethiopica, L. major
72
Leishmaniasis New World
L. mexicana, L. amazonensis, L. guyanensis, L. braziliensis, L. chagasi
73
Agent of Leishmaniasis
Phlebotomus sp. (old world); Lutzomyia (new world)
74
Primarily a zoonotic disease
Leishmaniasis
75
most common form of leishmaniasis
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
76
causes Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
Leishamania tropica
77
Usually with one or more painless ulcers
Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL)
78
Usually occurs months or years after healing of primary CL
Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)
79
Etiologic agent of Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)
L. braziliensis
80
can cause destruction of the nasal septum, palate, and other mucosal structures, leading to devastating facial mutilation and, rarely, death from airway involvement
Mucosal/Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis (ML)
81
Lesions confused with lepromatous leprosy
Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)
82
nodules are often described as soft and fleshy, while those of leprosy are
generally more indurated.
Diffuse or disseminated CL (DCL)
83
febrile illness with weight loss, enlargement of the spleen and liver, and decreases in the production of blood cells
Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
84
Etiologic agent of Visceral Leismaniasis (VL)
L.donovani and L.infantum
85
Agent of visceral fever/ Dum-dum fever/ Donovani Kala-azar fever (VL)
Leishmania donovani
86
Agent of cutaneous oriental sore
Leishmania tropica
87
Agent of mucocutaneous lesion/ mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
Leishmania braziliensis
88
Diagnosis of Leishmaniasis
Sx: Tissue biopsy, skin, spleen, lymphnodes
89
Tests for Leishmaniasis
* Stained smears
* Culture (NNNmedium;Schneider’smedium)
* Montenegro skin test - Intradermal Testing
90
Treatment for Leishmaniasis
Amphotericin B; Pentamidine; Nifurtimox & Antimony compounds
91
Epidemiology of Leishmaniasis
Primarily a disease of poverty
92
Prevention of Leishmaniasis
Early diagnosis and effective treatment
Vector control
Effective disease surveillance
Control of animal reservoir hosts
Social mobilization and strengthening partnerships
