PRL UNIT 1 Flashcards
1
Q
Difference of Standard Precautions and Universal Precaution
A
Standard - everything is infectious
Universal - all samples are highly infectious
2
Q
parasites that will be thriving in the host
A
Helminths
3
Q
Type of Host during the adult stage
A
Definitive Host
4
Q
Type of host during the larval stage
A
Intermediate Host
5
Q
Type of Host during the Egg stage
A
Parasite in Diagnostic Stage
6
Q
Types of Helminth
A
- Nematode
- Trematode
- Cestode
7
Q
Potential risks in the laboratory
A
- Ingestion of eggs/ova
- Skin penetration of infective larva
- Infection of non-parasitic agents
8
Q
Found in watery stool collect8ed and processed within 30 mins (or else parasites would die)
A
Trophozoite
9
Q
T/F When a specimen is “fixed”, it means that everything is already killed. Hence, it is not infectious because you already preserved it.
A
True
10
Q
T/F Fixed stool specimens in formalin may still be infectious
A
True
11
Q
can still develop and are infectious because of its thick egg shell
A
Ascaris eggs
12
Q
best way to preserve the eggs and prevent development
A
Warm / heated 10% Formalin
13
Q
- Giant intestinal roundworm
- Larva is protected by a 3-layered membrane of protein
A
Ascaris Lumbricoides
14
Q
important factor when blood specimen are collected
A
Timing
15
Q
Blood smears should be examined without delay when this is expected
A
Malaria and Babesiosis
16
Q
used to diagnose blood parasites
A
Blood
17
Q
T/F Multiple blood smears might be needed
A
T
18
Q
Reason why multiple blood smears are needed
A
Parasitemia or the presence of the parasites in the blood could actually flunctuate
19
Q
exhibits periodicity and is seen in lymphatic fluids
A
Microfilariae
20
Q
Time where the parasite is seen in the blood
A
Microfilariae
21
Q
blood samples used in blood specimen to detect parasitic infection
A
Venous blood capillary or capillary blood samples
22
Q
multiple specimens recommended for adequate yield of I parasite
A
Fecal specimen
23
Q
Fecal specimen collection requirement
A
- Clean, wide-mouthed containers
- 0.5 pint (~240 mL)
- Waxed cardboard or plastic container
- Tight-fitting lid
- Sterile Container
24
Q
reason why a container with a tight-fitting lid is used for fecal collection
A
to ensure retention of moisture and to prevent accidental spillage
25
Specimen Protocol
__ specimen/s collected every other day to consider adequate/min necessary for detection of O&P (w/ no more than __ days)
3 specimens, 7 days
26
Specimen Protocol
__ specimen/s for the diagnosis of intestinal amebiasis (w/ no more than __ days)
<6 specimens, 10 days
27
Proper stool collection
1. Do not let stool touch toilet water as it can lead to contamination
2. Do not defecate on the container directly
28
Fecal specimen patient information in container
1. Patient name and ID number
2. Requesting physician
3. Date & Time of Collection`
29
Required information if fecal specimens
1. Patient Name
2. ID number
3. Age
4. Sex
5. Date/Time of Collection
30
Fecal specimen should be submitted with the following patient information
1. Patient's name
2. Age
3. Sex
4. Date/Time of collection
5. Requesting Physician
6. Requested Procedure
7. Presumptive Diagnosis
8. Prior Infections
9. Travel History
31
date and time of collection
1. Liquid stool
2. Semi-formed stool
3. Formed stool
1. Liquid stool - 30 mins
2. Semi-formed stool - an hour
3. Formed stool - up to 24 hrs
32
__________ should be found on the label of the container, whereas the remaining information is found on the requisition form
Patient’s name, age, sex and date/time of collection
33
Important Factors to consider
1. Intake of drugs / medicinal substances
2. Intake of antibiotics
3. Amount of stool to be collected
4. Contamination with toilet water, urine, or soil must be prevented
5. Age of the stool sample is very important for diarrheic specimens
6. Delay in examination of specimens
7. Temporary storage of fecal samples
34
Cause of Intake of drugs / medicinal substances to fecal specimen
can form a crystalline residue which can interfere with the parasite identification
35
Deferral for Intake of Drugs
1 week after last intake
36
Cause of Intake of antibiotics
decreases the number of protozoans for several weeks; may eliminate the parasite causing a false negative result
37
Deferral for Anti-protozoan drugs
3-4 weeks after intake
38
Deferral for Anti-helminthic drugs
5-6 weeks after intake
39
Stool sample that contains protozoan cyst
Formed stool
40
Stool sample that contains trophozoites and must be tested within 30 minutes mark
Watery stool
41
Amount of stool collected
1. Formed stool
2. Watery stool
Amount of stool collected
1. Formed stool - thumb-sized specimen
2. Watery stool - about 5-6 tablespoons
42
Cause of contamination with toilet water, urine, or soil to specimen
- Can destroy protozoan trophozoites
- May contain free-living organisms that would complicate diagnosis of infectious disease
43
T/F Age of the stool sample is very important for diarrheic specimens
T
44
Cause of delay in examination of specimens
parasites present may not be identifiable when delayed
45
acceptable temp for refrigeration
3-5 C
46
cause of prolonged refrigeration to specimen
Dessication
47
Cause of Refrigeration to :
1. Trophozoites
2. Helminth eggs
3. Protozoan cysts
1. Killed
2. Usually not damaged
3. Usually not damaged
48
Type of refrigerator used to stool fecal specimens
Dirty Ref
49
2 rules in temporary storage of fecal samples
1. Never freeze stool samples
2. Never keep them in incubators
50
Stool Preservatives
1. Formalin
2. Schaudinn’s Solution
3. Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA
4. Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF)
5. Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin SAF
51
An all-purpose fixative for the recovery of protozoans & helminth
Formalin
52
Formalin fixative ratio
1:3
53
Difference of formalin w :
1. 5% concentration
2. 10% concentration
1. 5% concentration - for protozoan cysts
2. 10% concentration - for helminth eggs and larvae
54
used to preserve fresh stool specimens or sample from the intestinal mucosal surface for permanent staining
Schaudinn’s Solution
55
Best to preserve the parasite
Schaudinn’s Solution
56
Partner for schaudinn's solution and acts as an adhesive to ensure that stool sample is attached
Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA
57
Can be a substitute for the schaudinn’s solution and useful for fixation of intestinal protozoans, helminth eggs, and larvae
Merthiolate-Iodine-Formalin (MIF)
57
A liquid fixative with a long shelf-life; used in concentration techniques but does not contain mercuric chloride
Sodium acetate-acetic acid formalin SAF
58
Remaining unprocessed fresh samples may be preserved or discarded in a ____
yellow waste container
58
Applicator stick from the fecal diagnostics and blood specimens will be submerged in _____
10% or 1: 10 hypochlorite solution
59
Advantage and Disadvantage of :
Formalin
A : for stool concentration; long shelf-life
D : Cannot preserve the protozoans trophozoite completely; not adequately preserve morphology
60
Advantage and Disadvantage of :
Schaudinn’s Solution
A : preserve
the morphology of the protozoans cyst and trophozoites; used for permanent staining
D : contains mercuric chloride
61
Advantage and Disadvantage of :
MIF
A: Easy to prepare, long shelf life, useful for field surveys
D : Inadequate preservation of morphology of trophozoites
62
Advantage and Disadvantage of :
SAF
A : Has the advantage of not containing mercuric chloride; long shelf-life
D : images of organisms fixed in SAF are not as sharp after staining
63
Advantage and Disadvantage of :
PVA
A : Related to the preservation of
protozoan cysts and trophozoites for permanent staining
D : Use of mercuric chloride
64
The percentage of Formalin recommended for helminth eggs and larvae.
10%
65
Blood specimens for parasite detection should be collected before treatment is initiated True or False)
True
66
A plastic resin which serves to adhere a stool sample onto a slide.
Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA
67
A stool preservative with mercuric chloride.
Schaudinn’s Solution and Polyvinyl Alcohol PVA
68
It may be buffered with sodium phosphate to preserve the morphological characteristics of the organisms.
Formalin
69
What is the recommended amount of specimen when testing formed stool
Thumb-size
70
What is the recommended amount of specimen when testing watery stool?
~ 5- 6 tablespoons
71
The Lugol’s iodine component should always be freshly prepared since it is unstable.
True
72
Formalin 10%concentration) is recommended to preserve protozoan cysts.
False
73
Freezingstoolsamplesfor routine fecalysis is acceptable.
False
74
Stool contaminated with toilet water must be rejected for analysis.
True
75
Keeping stool samples in the incubator enhances recovery of protozoan cysts.
False
