PRE Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is a peptide bond?
A peptide bond forms when the carboxyl group of one amino acid links to the amino group of another through a condensation reaction (loss of water). This bond is crucial in forming polypeptides and proteins.
Include this in diagrams.
Describe the tertiary structure of a protein.
Tertiary structure involves cross-linking between amino acids, which causes the protein chain to fold into a definite 3D shape. This structure determines the function and solubility of the protein.
How does heat denature protein?
• Moist heat: Collagen in meat changes to gelatine, which tenderises it.
• Dry heat: Causes shrinkage and toughening of protein (e.g., overcooked meat).
How does acid denature protein?
Acid lowers pH, changing protein structure:
• Milk souring due to bacteria (lactobacillus) in cheese-making.
• Vinegar in marinades helps to tenderise meat.
How does enzyme action cause protein denaturation?
The enzyme rennin in the stomach coagulates milk, changing its structure for easier digestion.
How does mechanical action denature protein?
Physical force like whisking egg whites stretches and unfolds protein chains, causing them to trap air.
What is HACCP?
Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points is a food safety system.
• It identifies potential hazards at every stage of food handling (biological, chemical, physical).
• Control measures are put in place at critical control points to eliminate or reduce risk.
• Examples: receiving, storing, preparing, cooking, cooling, reheating, serving.
Give an example of a cooking hazard under HACCP and a control measure.
• Hazard: Survival of pathogenic bacteria during cooking.
• Control: Cook food to a core temperature of 75°C or 74°C for 2 minutes; ensure meat is fully brown with no pink.
What is the role of the Food Safety Authority of Ireland (FSAI)?
• Coordinates enforcement of food safety laws in Ireland.
• Advises the Minister for Health.
• Acts when a food premises breaches regulations, ensuring public health and safety.
What factors contribute to changes in family structure?
• Marital breakdown (divorce) leads to blended families.
• Separation increases lone-parent families.
• Changing roles of women in the workforce.
• Same-sex marriage and adoption rights.
• More births outside of marriage.
• Decline of extended families.
• Cohabiting couples forming households without marriage.
What factors affect marital stability?
• Marrying young: Less emotional maturity or financial stability.
• Unrealistic expectations of marriage.
• Unemployment and related financial stress.
• Lack of communication, or pressure from external influences.
How does the Childcare Act protect children (e.g., in the case of Tesla)?
• Care order: Child is removed from home to be placed in care, either long-term or short-term.
• Supervision order: A health board worker visits the child’s home periodically to ensure their health and welfare are protected.
What is the extent of poverty in Ireland today?
• During the Celtic Tiger (1990s), employment rose and poverty fell.
• In the mid-2000s, rising housing costs and cost of living increased poverty.
• Now, over 20% of households live below the poverty line.
• Ireland has one of the highest poverty rates in Europe, with significant child poverty.
Who is most affected by poverty in Ireland?
• Women over 65
• Lone parents
• Unemployed individuals
• People with disabilities
• The elderly
Describe a voluntary organisation that helps those in poverty.
• St Vincent de Paul (SVP):
• Offers financial assistance, food, and housing support.
• Volunteers visit families in need.
• Runs charity shops, helps with education costs, and advocates for systemic change.
Analyse the factors that contribute to varying patterns of household expenditure.
• Socioeconomic status: Higher-income families spend more on luxuries; lower-income families spend on essentials like food and rent.
• Urban vs. rural location:
• Urban: Higher housing costs, but lower transport costs.
• Rural: Cheaper housing but higher transport expenses.
• Family size: Bigger families have higher costs for food, clothing, utilities.
• Family stage:
• Young children: Childcare expenses.
• Teenagers/college students: Education fees, transport, tech, etc.
What are the compulsory deductions from pay and their purpose?
• Income Tax (PAYE):
• Employer deducts from gross wages and sends to Revenue.
• Funds public services (education, health, roads).
• PRSI (Pay Related Social Insurance):
• Shared by employer and employee.
• Used for social welfare payments, e.g. jobseeker’s benefit, maternity pay.
What are the voluntary deductions from pay and their purpose?
• Private Health Insurance:
• Paid to companies like VHI, Laya, covers medical expenses.
• Trade Union Subscriptions:
• Paid to unions like ASTI or TUI.
• Helps protect employee rights, negotiates wages and conditions.
What is the Working Family Payment (WFP)?
• A weekly, tax-free payment to employees with children on low income.
• Replaced the Family Income Supplement (FIS).
• To qualify:
• Must have at least one child (under 18 or up to 22 if in full-time education).
• The child must live with you or be financially supported by you.
• Family income must be below a certain threshold (based on family size).
• The payment is 60% of the difference between your weekly income and the WFP income limit for your family.
