prenatal development

Question 1

what is a zygote? how is it formed?

Answer 1

fertilized egg

Question 2

what is a blastocyst? when does a zygote become a blastocyst?

Answer 2

dividing group of cells, 4-6 days

Question 3

what are some reasons that the woman’s body eliminates prenatal abnormality?

Answer 3

egg and sperm did not join properly, mother is not healthy/able to carry child, etc.

Question 4

what is a trophoblast? what does it become later?

Answer 4

outer group of cells, placenta

Question 5

what is the embryonic disk? what does it become later?

Answer 5

inner cells, beginning of embryo

Question 6

what does the amniotic fluid do for the developing organism?

Answer 6

protects fetus from injury and temperature changes

Question 7

what is the purpose of the umbilical cord?

Answer 7

connect placenta to embryo, delivers blood loaded with nutrients and removes waste

Question 8

what is implantation bleeding?

Answer 8

fertilized egg/zygote attaches to uterus

Question 9

when does the heartbeat of the developing organism begin to beat?

Answer 9

4 weeks

Question 10

when does the central nervous system begin to form?

Answer 10

3 weeks

Question 11

what week of pregnancy do neurons begin to form?

Answer 11

5 weeks

Question 12

when do most women find out they are pregnant?

Answer 12

5-6 weeks

Question 13

what percentage of women report not having any symptoms of pregnancy by 8 weeks?

Answer 13

10%

Question 14

by the end of the embryonic period, what has happened? what are the only organs that have not developed?

Answer 14

all basic organs and body parts except for sex organs

Question 15

when is the developing organism considered a fetus?

Answer 15

9 weeks until birth

Question 16

what is the focus on fetus time?

Question 17

trimester 1

Answer 17

first 3 months

Question 18

trimester 2

Answer 18

6 months

Question 19

trimester 3

Answer 19

9 months

Question 20

when does touch sensitivity of the developing organism begin to develop?

Answer 20

9-12 weeks

Question 21

when do the sex organs begin to differentiate?

Answer 21

12 weeks

Question 22

when does mom start to feel a developing organism?

Answer 22

16-20 weeks

Question 23

what is the vernix? when does it develop? what is its purpose?

Answer 23

thick greasy substance to protect baby’s skin from getting wrinkly, 2nd trimester

Question 24

when can babies survive outside the womb? when does the baby’s chance of survival increase?

Answer 24

22 weeks, 26 weeks increases

Question 25

what is folic acid?

Answer 25

important nutrient for pregnant women

Question 26

what disorder is associated with not consuming folic acid?

Answer 26

spina bifida

Question 27

what does stress do to the mother's hormones and how does this impact the baby?

Answer 27

reduces flows of oxygen, weakens immune system

Question 28

what maternal ages are associated with smoother pregnancy?

Answer 28

20-35 yrs

Question 29

what paternal ages are associated with smoother pregnancy?

Answer 29

under 40 yrs

Question 30

teratogen

Answer 30

agent that causes abnormal prenatal development

Question 31

how can you ensure that diseases do not impact the developing organism?

Answer 31

not contract disease before or during pregnancy

Question 32

how does smoking cigarettes impact pregnant women and the baby?

Answer 32

constricts blood vessels and reduces the flow of oxygen

Question 33

how does alcohol impact the baby?

Answer 33

smaller than normal, physical deformities, developmental disabilities

Question 34

FASD vs p-FAS

Answer 34

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder vs partial fetal alcohol syndrome

Question 35

what are braxton hicks? when do women feel? What can women do to prevent them?

Answer 35

third trimester, when the muscles tighten across the stomach to tone the uterus muscles and prepare the cervix for birth, relaxing and changing positions

Question 36

what is crowning? what is breeching?

Answer 36

top of baby's head is visible, feet/butt leaves first

Question 37

how does natural labor help the baby adapt to the world?

Question 38

what is the role of cortisol?

Answer 38

helps baby withstand oxygen deprivation, causes lung to absorb the remaining fluid, baby becomes alert

Question 39

what is fetal monitoring?

Answer 39

electronic instruments used to track baby's heart rate during labor, 85% of births

Question 40

medical reasons for c sections?

Answer 40

developmental problems, breeching, genital herpes, placenta/umbillical problems, stalled labor, previous c section

Question 41

c section risks for mom?

Answer 41

infection, blood loss, organs, extended recovery time

Question 42

c section risks for baby?

Answer 42

premature, breathing problems, lower apgar scores

Question 43

what is a perineal tear? how common is it?

Answer 43

80% of women, tear between vagina and anus

Question 44

what is episiotomy? when is it recommended?

Answer 44

planned incision on perineum, when baby is distressed or tear is likely

Question 45

how is a tear/epistomy treated?

Answer 45

stitches

Question 46

how to avoid a tear?

Answer 46

massages, keep it warm

Question 47

what is epidural? cons?

Answer 47

medicine injected into area around spinal cord lower blood pressues, feeling of illness, risk of newborn not feeding properly, prolonged labor

Question 48

if a woman is interested in home/water births, what are important factors to consider?

Answer 48

health risks, infant mortality

Question 49

APGAR screener? factors scored? score range? when do they do it? when is a baby more likely to score higher?

Answer 49

evaluate newborn's conditions, 1 and 5 minutes after birth, 7+ baby is good, 4-6 baby needs assistance, 3 baby is in danger

Question 50

what is the average birth weight? low birth weight? negative outcomes?

Answer 50

7.5 lbs, -5.5 lbs

Question 51

preterm babies

Answer 51

serveral or more weeks before due date

Question 52

small for date babies

Answer 52

below expected weight considering length of pregnancy

Question 53

interventions for preterm babies? isolette? kangaroo care?

Answer 53

plexiglass enclosed bed to regulate body temperature and filter air to prevent infection, vertical position on caregivers chest

Question 54

neonatal behavioral assessment scale? when is it done?

Answer 54

2 months old, 28 behavioral items and 18 reflexes, motor and state and automatic and social

Question 55

infant reflexes?

Answer 55

regular nonrem sleep, rem sleep, drowsiness, quiet alertness, waking and crying

Question 56

how much do we expect newborns to sleep?

Answer 56

16-18 hours daily

Question 57

why do babies cry? what are the first things we should do when a baby cries?

Answer 57

basic cry, pain cry, mad cry, validate feelings

Question 58

physical changes mothers experience? vaginal bleeding?

Answer 58

breast milk, uterus reducing, 4-6 weeks of bleeding because of blood vessels after placenta detaches

Question 59

2 books from gottman institute to support couples and families? when are they appropriate?

Answer 59

seven principles for making marriage work, baby makes three

Question 60

baby blues vs postpartum depression?

Answer 60

irritability, resentment, crying spells changes in hormones, history of depression, larger environmental factors