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childhood development > exam 2 > Flashcards

exam 2 Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

perceptual constancies mostly achieved by 4 months

A

size, color, shape

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2
Q

depth perception
motion parallax

A

1 month
nearby moving objects move across our visual field faster than those at a distance

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3
Q

depth perception
retinal disparity

A

4 months
left and right eyes view slightly different objects. when objects are near, disparity is greater

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4
Q

depth perception
pictorial

A

7 months
arrangement of objects help understand depth

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5
Q

one type of screen time that is not detrimental to development

A

facetime

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6
Q

early face perception
newborns

A

prefer organized, upright face

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7
Q

early face perception
2 months

A

prefer mother’s face

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8
Q

early face perception
3 months

A

make distinctions of facial features (bias- prefer faces they are exposed to)

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9
Q

early face perception
6 months

A

cannot distinguish faces of unfamiliar groups

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10
Q

early face perception
5 months

A

perceive emotional expressions

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11
Q

attention

A

the process that allows people to control input from the environment and regulate behavior

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12
Q

3 aspects of attention

A

orienting network, alerting network, executive network

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13
Q

orienting network

A

infancy
what stimuli will be processes and which will be ignored

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14
Q

alerting network

A

infancy
keeps attentional process prepared, ready to detect and respond to incoming stimuli

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15
Q

executive network

A

most challenging to develop
processes thoughts, feelings, and resolves conflicts that may occur

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16
Q

development is highly influenced by ____

A

environment

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17
Q

3 symptoms of ADHD

A

inattention, impulsibity, hyperactivity

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18
Q

lack of stimulation during brain development

A

stunts the brain, more dendrites will die out if not activated

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19
Q

stress during brain development

A

too many in adulthood: hypervigilance
too little in adulthood: flat/unemotional

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20
Q

physical development

A

changes in
-body size
-proportions
-appearance
-functioning of body systems
-perceptual and motor capacities

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21
Q

muscle fibers at birth

A

most are present

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22
Q

baby fat

A

end of fetal stage, peak at 9 months, 2 years slim down
develops to prepare the infant to regulate body temperature

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23
Q

precursor to bones

A

cartilage develops during prenatal development, bones shortly after birth

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24
Q

skeletal age

A

best estimate of child’s physical maturity
what extent cartilage has hardened into bone

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25
cephalocaudal trend
head develops first, then lower body
26
proximodistal trend
center of body develops first, then arms/legs, then hands/feet
27
6-9 years growth
children add 2-3 inches and 5lbs
28
dental changes birth
baby has primary teeth hidden under gums
29
dental changes 5 weeks
first buds of primary teeth appear
30
dental changes 3 years
child has full set of 20 primary teeth
31
dental changes 6-12 years
teeth are lost and permanent ones grow in
32
gross motor development
large muscle groups
33
fine motor development
small muscle groups
34
dynamic systems theory
mastery of a skill involves interactions between complex systems: central nervous system, body movement, goals of the child, and environmental support
35
gross motor skills developed and mastered through ____
everyday play
36
gross motor skills in middle childhood
- better balance - more flexible - increased agility - increased force
37
fine motor skills prereaching
newborn poorly coordinated swipes
38
fine motor skills ulnar grasp
3-4 months fingers close up against palm
39
fine motor skills transferring object from hand to hand
4-5 months
40
fine motor skills pincer grasp
9 months thumb to index finger
41
fine motor skills 6 years
print alphabet
42
why do younger children having larger handwriting?
they use their whole arm instead of wrists and fingers
43
puberty
adolescent growth spurt and sexual maturation
44
pituary gland
growth hormone, signals to ovaries/testes to release appropriate hormone
45
sexual maturation
growth of breasts/testes, scrotum growth spurt pubic hair
46
girls menarche
13 years first period
47
boys menarche
13 years first spontaneous ejaculation of fluid
48
factors that influence timing of period
- genetics - nutrition, better = later - social, stress/harsh punishment = early
49
paternal investment theory
pubertal timing is influenced by the quantity and quality of father-daughter interactions
50
when do we introduce infants to solid food?
about 6 months
51
infant calorie intake
50 cals per lb of weight
52
preschooler calorie intake
40 cals per lb of weight
53
middle childhood calorie intake
15-20 cals per lb of weight
54
80% of growth hormone is produced when?
during sleep
55
sleep and social emotional development
supports behavior and emotional regulartion
56
sleep and cognitive/language development
when new learning is consolidated
57
infants sleep
12-16 hours
58
toddler sleep
11-14 hours
59
preschooler sleep
10-13 hours
60
school age sleep
9-12 hours
61
adolescents sleep
8-10 hours
62
adulthood sleep
7+ hours
63
percentage of malnourished children in U.S.
less than 0.04%
64
eating disorder frequency
more common in girls, 10% of males develop ed
65
school age children obesity percentage
35%
66
leading cause of death in U.S. (1-44 yrs)
car accidents
67
assimilation
new experiences can be incorporated into the child's existing theories
68
accommodation
theories are modified based on this new experience
69
freud's view of children
children are active learners
70
vygotsky's sociocultural theory
learning through social experiences, growth is stimulated by more experienced members of society, takes culture into account
71
guided participated
process by which children learn from expert others who guide their experiences (broader than scaffolding)
72
zone of proximal development
area between a child's level of independent performance and assisted performance
73
scaffolding
temporary support that is tailored to an individual's needs and abilities, and helping them gain skills needed to master the next task and learn; sensitive structure of the learning experience; adjusting support offered to fit child's current level of performance
74
information process theory
assumes we hold information in three parts
75
sensory register
represents sights and sounds and stores them briefly
76
short term memory
holds limited amount of information that is worked on to facilitate memory and problem solving
77
long term memory
stores information permanently
78
central executive
conscious part of the mind, coordinates incoming information with information in the system, controls attention
79
executive functioning
diverse cognitive operations and strategies that enable us to achieve our goal in cognitively challenging situations
80
important aspects of EF (3)
attention, memory, categorization
81
categorization
grouping similar objects and events into a single representation
82
recognition
noticing when stimuli is identical or similar to previous stimuli
83
recall
remembering something that isn't present
84
when are infants capable of recall?
abt 6 months
85
implicit memory
information that has been stored unconsciously or effortlessly
86
explicit memory
information that has been stored consciously with effort
87
pre-reading
knowing letters and sounds associated with them
88
word recognition
indentifying words
89
comprehension
extracting meaning from text
90
cardinality
when counting the last number represents the total number in that set
91
infants and numbers
approximate sense
92
2 year olds and numbers
most children can count
93
3 year olds and numbers
most children have mastered the one to one correspondence, stable-order cardinality principle
94
when does IQ become more stable?
abt 6 years
95
sternberg's triarchic theory of successful intelligence
intelligence is not just composed of analytical skills, but of creative and practical skills
96
analytical intelligece
information processing skills
97
creative intelligence
evidenced by imaginary endeavors and capacity to solve novel problems
98
practical intelligence
application of intellectual skills in everyday situations
99
gardner's multiple intelligences
dismisses the idea of general intelligence and instead proposes the existence of at least 8 independent intelligences
100
frontal cortex
personality and ability to make and carry out plans
101
regional specialization
brain areas specialized for certain tasks
102
brain stem
region that controls automatic responses
103
cortex
6 outer layers of the brain
104
lateralization
specialization of right and left hemispheres
105
brain plasticity
indication that many areas of the brain are not yet committed to specific functions, allowing the child a high capacity for learning
106
prefrontal cortex
controls consciousness, executive process (inhibition of impuleses, integration of information, memory, reasoning, planning, and problem-solving strategies)
107
experience expectant growth
depends on ordinary infant experiences that support typical growth and functioning of brain structures
108
experience dependent growth
depends on specific learning experiences that support additional growth and refinement of specific brain structures
109
are newborns able to smell?
react positively to pleasant smells, react negatively to unpleasant smells, recognize familiar smells
110
habituation
preferring novel stimuli over familiar stimulation
111
are newborns able to taste?
differentiate salty, sour, bitter, and sweet
112
are newborns able to feel?
highly sensitive to touch
113
can newborns hear?
higher auditory threshold
114
4-5 month hearing
attend to voices, recognize name
115
6-7 month hearing
"screen out" sounds from non-native language
116
7-8 month hearing
distinguish musical tones
117
8-9 month hearing
divide speech stream into word-like units
118
10 month hearing
start to detect words
119
newborn sight
respond to light and track moving objects
120
2-4 month sight
focus, full range of color
121
6-7 month sight
depth perception
122
12 month sight
adult sight
123
intersensory redundancy theory
suggests that infants perceptual system is attuned to information that presents multiple sensory modes

childhood development (11 decks)

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