Principles 2

Question 1

Why might maintaining a healthy nervous system be important?

Answer 1

possibly to deal with stress and diseases of adaptation

Question 2

At what point do we manipulate a joint?

Answer 2

paraphysiologic space

Question 3

What are the different parts of movement?

Answer 3

neutral position
physiologic barrier (active ROM)
elastic barrier of resistance (crack) (mobilization)
paraphysiologic space (manipulation
limit of anatomic integrity (joint sprain)
hypermobility

Question 4

Planes of movement

Answer 4

sagittal
coronal
transverse

Question 5

body planes of movement axis

Answer 5

coronal (x)
sagittal (z)
longitudinal (y)

Question 6

flexion and extension

Answer 6

sagittal plane
coronal axis (x)

Question 7

abduction/adduction, lateral flexion

Answer 7

coronal

sagittal (z)

Question 8

medial/lateral flexion (axial rotation)

Answer 8

transverse
longitudinal (y)

Question 9

IVFs ___ in flexion and ___in extension

Answer 9

opens in flexion

decreases in extension

Question 10

boundaries of an IVF

Answer 10

anterior: body, IVD
superior: pedicle
posterior: zygopophyseal joints (facets)
inferior: pedicle

Question 11

anatomic contents of IVF

Answer 11

spinal nerve
nerve roots
recurrent meningeal nerves
blood vessels
lymphatics
connective tissue
DRG

Question 12

order of compression in the IVF

Answer 12

adipose
veins
arteries
nerve

Question 13

what is the most sensitive to compression from the IVF?

Answer 13

DRG

Question 14

IVDs are found?

Answer 14

between the bodies of C2-3 all the way down to the lumbosacral junction

Question 15

how much of the height of the vertebral column are discs responsible for?

Answer 15

1/4 the height

Question 16

what is the function of discs?

Answer 16

weight bearing an dissipating shock

Question 17

what are the 3 components of IVD?

Answer 17

annulus fibrosis
nucleus pulposus
cartilaginous endplates

Question 18

cartilaginous endplates

Answer 18

composed of hyaline cartilage that separates but also helps attach the disc to the vertebral bodies

Question 19

function of the cartilaginous endplates

Answer 19

anchor disc
form the growth zone for immature vertebral body
provide a permeable barrier between the disc and the body

Question 20

the roll of the cartilaginous endplates is to?

Answer 20

allow avascular disc to receive nutrients and repair products

Question 21

annulus fibrosis

Answer 21

fibrocartilaginous ring that encloses and retains the nucleus pulposus

Question 22

function of annulus

Answer 22

enclosing and retaining the nucleus pulposus, absorbing compressive shocks, forming a structural unit between vertebral bodies and restricting motion
limits amount of torsion allowed on the disc and amount of rotation on the vertebra
allows disc to adapt to stress

Question 23

what reinforces the annulus?

Answer 23

ALL

PLL

Question 24

why is the PLL clinically significant for the annulus

Answer 24

as it descends its width narrows until covering only about 50% of the central portion of the lower lumbar discs
this makes the posterolateral aspect to most likely be injured

Question 25

describe how the annulus gets nutrients

Answer 25

outer portion has a blood supply innervated by the sinuvertebral/recurrent meningeal nerve the lateral aspect is innervated by grey rami communicantes

Question 26

nucleus pulposus

Answer 26

central portion of the disc and is embryological derivative of the notochord it account for about 40% of the disc and is semifluid gel that will deform easily but is considered impressionable responsible for high water content of the disc during the aging process, the water gradually disappears

Question 27

when is the most common time to injure a disc?

Answer 27

30-50 years

Question 28

pressure changes in the disc

Answer 28

``` recumbent standing sitting sitting leaning forward jumping ```

Question 29

what can compressive loads do to the disc?

Answer 29

can cause fracture to the endplate or anterior vertebral body will collapse, but not herniation

Question 30

nutrition to the disc is by way of?

Answer 30

imbibition (motion)

Question 31

transverse ligament

Answer 31

holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas

Question 32

cruciate ligament

Answer 32

occiput to body of C2, cross shaped

Question 33

alar ligament

Answer 33

limits rotation of C2 | sides of dens to occipital condyles (AKA check ligament)

Question 34

apical dental ligament

Answer 34

limits flexion/extension of C2, apex of dens to anterior aspect of the foramen

Question 35

dentate ligaments

Answer 35

21 ligaments connecting pia to dura along the spinal cord (dural torque theory)

Question 36

anterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 36

limits extension | front of vertebral bodies from sacrum to C2

Question 37

anterior atlanto-occipital ligament

Answer 37

continuation of PLL from C2 to occiput

Question 38

anterior atlanto-axial ligament

Answer 38

continuation of ALL from C2 to atlas

Question 39

posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 39

limits flexion. back of vertebral bodies (anterior portion of canal) wider in cervicals, thinner in lumbars and thinnest at L5

Question 40

tectorial memebrane

Answer 40

continuation of PLL from C2 to occiput

Question 41

ligamentum flavum

Answer 41

most important of the posterior ligaments in limiting flexion lamina to lamina (posterior portion of canal) high elastic content under constant tension as a result of its elastic properties

Question 42

posterior atlanto-axial

Answer 42

continuation of ligamentum flavum from C2 to C1

Question 43

posterior atlanto-occipital

Answer 43

ligamentum flavum from C1 to occiput | arcuate foramen if ossified

Question 44

capsular ligament

Answer 44

between articular processes

Question 45

intertransverse ligament

Answer 45

between TVP

Question 46

interspinous ligament

Answer 46

between spinous process

Question 47

supraspinous ligament

Answer 47

from spinous to spinous

Question 48

ligamentum nuchae

Answer 48

continuation of supraspinous ligament from C7 to occiput

Question 49

transforaminal ligament

Answer 49

traverse the foramina and diminsh space available for passage of NRs

Question 50

meninges

Answer 50

CT coverings arranged in 3 distinct layers that cover and protect the spinal cord from excessive movement and damage

Question 51

3 layers of meninges

Answer 51

dura arachnoid pia (dentate)

Question 52

dura mater

Answer 52

thick and tough CT continuous from cranial cavity to sacrum covers individual NR and nerves as they exit spinal canal sleeves of dura follow nerves to the IVF and surround a swelling, which represents the location of the DRG

Question 53

arachnoid mater

Answer 53

more delicate and VASCULAR and is attached to the inner surface of the dura thin weblike projections extend from arachnoid to pia

Question 54

pia mster

Answer 54

single cell CT layer that adheres directly to the surface the neural tissue, including the individual cranial and spinal rootlets

Question 55

dentate ligament

Answer 55

series of pial porjections, located primarily in the thoracic region, which project from lateral surface of the spinal cord penetrate the arachnoid and anchor to the dura gives us the dural torque theory