Principles Anatomy

Question 1

paralysis vs spaticity?

Answer 1

paralysis = motor nerve not working = reduced tone
spasticity = motor nerve working but descending controls not working = increased tone

Question 2

what is the most inferior part of the peritoneal cavity?

Answer 2

rectouterine pouch/pouch of douglas

abnormal fluid collects here

Question 3

layers of the uterus wall?

Answer 3

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium (shed in menstration)

Question 4

what does the pituitary gland regulate in males and females?

Answer 4

females = hormone production and ova development
male = hormone and sperm development

Question 5

external opening of penis?

Answer 5

external urethral orifice

Question 6

passage of sperm?

Answer 6

produced in seminiferous tubules

travel to rete testes then epididymis which becomes vas deferens

Question 7

components of spermatic cord?

Answer 7

vas deferens
testicular artery
pampiniform plexus of veins

Question 8

what level does spinal cord end?

Answer 8

L1/L2

Question 9

what is grey and white matter in the brain?

Answer 9

grey matter = cell bodies

white = myelinated axons

Question 10

name the cranial nerves in order

Answer 10

olfactory
optic
oculomotor
trochlear
trigeminal
acudant
facial
vestibulocochlear
glossopharyngeal
vagus
spinal accessory
hypoglossal

Question 11

T4 dermatome?

Answer 11

male nipple

Question 12

cervical plexus?

Answer 12

C1-C4 anterior rami

supplies posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

Question 13

brachial plexus?

Answer 13

C5-T1 anterior rami

supplies upper limb

Question 14

lumbar plexus?

Answer 14

L1-L4 lumbar plexus

lower limb

Question 15

sacral plexus?

Answer 15

L5-S4

lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

Question 16

where do sympathetic nerves leave the spinal cord?

Answer 16

T1-L2 in anterior rootlets

Question 17

describe the somatic pathway for touch

Answer 17

3 neurone chain

Question 18

which part of the brain receives APs from the right side of the body wall?

Answer 18

left parietal lobe

primary somatosensory area

Question 19

what is the difference between the upper and lower motor neurones?

Answer 19

upper = opposite side from side of movement
lower = same side as movement

Question 20

what is the function of the left frontal lobe?

Answer 20

left primary somatomotor area
planned movements originate here
contractions of right sided skeletal muscle

Question 21

what is the spinal reflex?

Answer 21

misses out the pathway to the brain

Question 22

which spinal nerves have lateral horns?

Answer 22

T1-L2

Question 23

which gland is referred to as the master gland?

Answer 23

pituitary gland

in pituitary fossa of sphenoid bone

Question 24

what does the anterior pituitary do?

Answer 24

secretes:
prolactin
growth hormone
thyroid stimulating hormone
ACTH
LH
FSH

Question 25

what controls secretion from anterior pituitary?

Answer 25

hypothalamic neurones secrete hormones

Question 26

what does the posterior pituitary do?

Answer 26

manufactures oxytocin and vasopressin (ADH) | receives hormones transported within axoplasm via axoplasmic transport (hypophyseal portal veins)

Question 27

what is the infundibulum?

Answer 27

connects hypothalamus to pituitary

Question 28

what are the 2 venous capillary beds of the portal system?

Answer 28

hepatic portal system | hypophyseal portal system

Question 29

what does the thyroid gland use iodine to manufacture?

Answer 29

troiidothyronine (T3) | thyroxine (T4)

Question 30

what is GOITRE

Answer 30

enlargement of the thyroid gland due to lack of iodine