Revision powerpoint - Resp

Question 1

common causes of epiglottitis?

Answer 1

haemophilus influenza

strep

Question 2

what causes whooping cough?

Answer 2

bordetella pertussis

Question 3

name 5 atypical pneumonia causes

Answer 3

legionella
mycoplasma
coxiella burnetti
chlamydia psittaci
chlamydia pneumonia

Question 4

who gets mycoplasma pneumonia?

Answer 4

children and young adults

Question 5

how is chlamydia pneumonia contracted?

Answer 5

person to person spread

Question 6

how is legionella pneumonia confirmed?

Answer 6

urine antigen testing

Question 7

what are the signs of epiglottitis?

Answer 7

acute onset
drooling
croup
difficulty swallowing etc

Question 8

what are the signs of whooping cough?

Answer 8

paroxysmal cough
inspiratory whoop
residual cough (months)

Question 9

how is whooping cough treated?

Answer 9

antibiotics if cough <21 days (most effective under 7 days)

Question 10

describe mycobacterium tuberculosis

Answer 10

thick waxy coat

acid/alcohol fast bacilli

Question 11

what organism causes bronchiolitis?

Answer 11

90% due to RSV

Question 12

what virus causes croup/laryngotracheobronchitits?

Answer 12

parainfluenza virus (types 1 or 3)

Question 13

influenza A causes an epidemic and influenza B causes a pandemic, true or false?

Answer 13

false
influenza A causes pandemic due to antigenic shift
influenza B causes epidemic due to antigenic drift

Question 14

how is RSV/bronchiolitis confirmed?

Answer 14

lab confirmation via PCR

Question 15

what are the features of croup (viral laryngotracheobronchitis)?

Answer 15

stridor

barking cough

Question 16

how is croup treated?

Answer 16

corticosteroids + inhaled epinephrine in severe cases

Question 17

what causes pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP)?

Answer 17

pneumocystis jirovecci

Question 18

how is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP) treated?

Answer 18

co-trimoxazole or pentamidine

Question 19

who is more likely to contract aspergillus fumigatus and what might this cause?

Answer 19

immunocompromised
can cause pneumonia and invasive disease
In normal people can cause aspergilloma (chest cavitation)

Question 20

how is aspergillus fumigatus treated?

Answer 20

amphotericin B, vorconazole

possible surgery

Question 21

what might be used to diagnose TB?

Answer 21

ZN stain
mantoux test
gamma interferon test
sputum culture
bronchoscopy
PCR
CXR
Tuberculin test

Question 22

how is a pneumothorax/tension pneumothorax diagnosed?

Answer 22

normal = CXR - expiratory film looking for lack of lung markings, check ABGs
Tension = no time for X ray

Question 23

if pneumothorax is small and asymptomatic does it need treatment?

Answer 23

no

Question 24

treatment for large, tension or trauma/ventilation induced pneumothorax?

Answer 24

high flow oxygen

needle decompression - large bore venflon 2nd intercostal space mid clavicular line

Question 25

pink frothy sputum?

Answer 25

pulmonary oedema

Question 26

what can cause pulmonary oedema?

Answer 26

``` usually heart failure high altitude ARDS kidney failure lung damage ```

Question 27

how is pulmonary oedema diagnosed?

Answer 27

CXR ECG ECHO pulse oximetry

Question 28

treatment for pulmonary oedema?

Answer 28

treat cause oxygen diuretic (furosemide) nitrates

Question 29

what are the classifications of PE?

Answer 29

massive with shock or syncope major with right ventricular dysfunction major with normal right ventricle minor

Question 30

name some signs of a PE?

Answer 30

``` tachypnoea hypotension tachycardia cardiorespiratory arrest fourth heart sound pleural rub oligma and consolidation on CXR sings of pleural effusion accentuated 2nd heart sound ```

Question 31

PE causes a metabolic alkalosis, true or false?

Answer 31

false | causes a respiratory alkalosis

Question 32

how is each classification on PE treated?

Answer 32

minor = anticoagulation Major with normal RV = anticoagulation Major with RV dysfunction = anticoagulation + thrombolysis Massive with shock or syncope = thrombolysis or surgery

Question 33

name 6 effects of invading cancer

Answer 33

``` recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy pericardium invasion pleural effusion pancoast tumour distended external jugular vein chest wall invasion ```

Question 34

what may result from a tumour invading the pericardium?

Answer 34

``` breathlessness AF pericardial effusion oesophageal invasion dysphagia ```

Question 35

what is a pancoast tumour?

Answer 35

brachial plexus invasion causing weakness and muscle wasting in the hand

Question 36

how could a cancer cause a distended external jugular vein?

Answer 36

tumour may invade the SVC obstructing drainage of blood from arms and head causing it to back up into the external jugular

Question 37

how might a distended external jugular vein present?

Answer 37

puffy eyelids | headache

Question 38

which hormone does a small cell carcinoma produce?

Answer 38

ACTH

Question 39

which hormone does a squamous cell carcinoma produce?

Answer 39

PTH

Question 40

signs of type 1 hypersensitivity?

Answer 40

``` urticarial angioedema asthma allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis anaphylaxis ```

Question 41

give some clinical examples of type 2 hypersensitivity?

Answer 41

``` blood transfusion reactions autoimmune haemolytic anaemia goodpastures syndromes myasthenia gravis gullian barre syndrome graves disease pemphigus vulgaris ```

Question 42

what organisms cause farmer's lung?

Answer 42

aspergillus fumigatus | micropolyspora faeni

Question 43

SLE is an example of a type III hypersensitivity, true or false?

Answer 43

true antibodies produced against contents of cell nuclei form complexes deposited in small vessels in skin, joints and kidney (ya girl selena)

Question 44

what mediates type 4 hypersensitivity?

Answer 44

T cells primed during initial sensitisation activated after another exposure, recruiting other WBCs resulting in release of proteolytic enzymes and persistant inflammation

Question 45

give an example of a type 4 hypersensitivity

Answer 45

sarcoidosis TB nickel sensitivity

Question 46

give 8 causes of pulmonary fibrosis

Answer 46

``` bleomycin/berrylium radiation extrinsic allergic alveolitis TB Sarcoidosis Ideopathic Ankylosing spondylitis asbestosis ```

Question 47

ground glass appearance on CXR?

Answer 47

pulmonary fibrosis | respiratory distress syndrome of newborn

Question 48

what is samter's triad?

Answer 48

asthma nasal polyps salicylate sensitivity = aspirin exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD)

Question 49

what organism causes mucoid sputum?

Answer 49

chlamydia psittachi

Question 50

where do cannonball metastases normally originate from?

Answer 50

kidney

Question 51

snow storm appearance on x ray?

Answer 51

baritosis | silicosis

Question 52

where in the lung to small cell and squamous cell cancers affect?

Answer 52

centrally

Question 53

apical lesion?

Answer 53

assmann focus

Question 54

swinging fever, copious foul smelling sputum?

Answer 54

lung abscess