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Holy Grail Docs > Michelle Summary > Flashcards

Michelle Summary Flashcards

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1
Q

Gs?

A 
B1
B2
H2
D1
(heart and lungs)
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2
Q

Gi?

A

M2 (in SAN)

A2 (in heart)

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3
Q

Gq?

A

A1
M1
M3

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4
Q

Parasympathetic = short preganglionic fibres and sympathetic = long, true or false?

A

false, other way around

go into chains then go to eyes, heart, lungs etc

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5
Q

what is heamethonium?

A

non-competitive antagonist that sits in the nicotinic ganglionic channel and blocks it

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6
Q

conceptus?

A

fetrtilization > week 3

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7
Q

embryo?

A

week 4 > 8

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8
Q

foetus?

A

week 9 > birth

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9
Q

what are the 6 stages of development?

A 
gametogenesis
fertilization
cleavage
gastrulation
morphogenesis
organogenesis
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10
Q

gametogenesis?

A

forms oocyte or spermatozoa

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11
Q

fertilization?

A

fusion to form zygote in ampulla

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12
Q

cleavage?

A

rapid cell division

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13
Q

gastrulation?

A

germ layers form

  • exoderm = outer - becomes skin and NS
  • mesoderm = middle - becomes organs
  • endoderm - becomes all tubes (gut and lungs etc)
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14
Q

morphogenesis?

A

cluster forms a 3D shape

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15
Q

organogenesis?

A

formation of organs and structures

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16
Q

zona pellucida?

A

protective layer around oocyte

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17
Q

primary bronchial buds?

A

bifurcation of rachea produces left and right bronchi

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18
Q

2ndary bronchial buds?

A

further bifurcation into 3 right and 2 left bronchi

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19
Q

what happens to foramen ovale in adults?

A

closes due to increased pressure and becomes the fossa ovalis

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20
Q

what gives rise to the heart?

A

visceral mesoderm

develops during week 4

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21
Q

heart tube from cranial > caudal?

A

truncus arteriosus (R aorta and pulm trunk)
bulbus cordus (R ventricle)
ventricle (left ventricle)
atrium (both atria)
sinus venosus (R. atria and coronary sinus)

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22
Q

what is septation?

A

division from folds into 4 heart chambers

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23
Q

what is churg strauss?

A

vasculitis with eosinophilic granulomatosis
assoc. with allergic airway hypersensitivity (asthma)
pANCA

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24
Q

wegner’s granulomatosis?

A

vasculitis of nose, lungs, kidneys and throat
causes sinusitis, renal failure etc
assoc. with epistaxis or haemoptysis
cANCA

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25
what is kussmaul breathing?
deep laboured breathing in attempt to blow off CO2 to reduce metabolic acidosis
26
normal waist circumference?
<37 inches
27
components of med. diet?
``` starchy foods fish less meat olive oil swap dairy for soya ```
28
pressure in atria and ventricles during passive filling?
0
29
when are korotkoff sounds heard?
when cuff pressure between syst and dias
30
right axis deviation?
III is most +ve | I and II are -ve
31
left axis deviation?
I is most positive | II and III are -ve
32
prolonged PR interval?
>0.2 secs | sign of heart block
33
U waves?
sign of bradycardia, hypokalaemia or digoxin
34
how is HR measured?
300/number of large squares between R waves
35
how do you measure irregular HR?
number of QRS's in 30 large squares X10
36
how is MAP calculated?
1/3rd of (systolic + (2 X diastolic)) diastolic + 1/3rd pulse pressure CO X SVR
37
what makes up total body fluid?
60% water | 2/3 ICF, 1/3 ECF
38
baroreceptor firing in decreased BP?
decreased firing via aortic (vagus) and carotid (CN IX)
39
effect of decreased vagal stimulation on medulla?
increased HR > increased CO > increased BP
40
effect of increased sympathetic stimulation on medulla?
increased SV > increased CO > increased BP
41
effect of increased sympathetic vaso/veno-constrictor tone on medulla?
increased SV > increased BP
42
where is ADH produced and stored?
produced in hypothalamus | stored in posterior pituitary
43
what stimulates ADH release?
RAAS | increased ECF osmolality (monitored by osmoreceptors in brain)
44
what does ADH do?
acts on tubules to retain H2O which concentrates urine | vasoconstricts, esp in hypovolaemic shock
45
what counter-regulates the RAAS system and decreased BP?
Natriuretic peptides (NPs)
46
what are the 2 types of NP and where are they released from?
``` ANP = atrial myocytes BNP = ventricular myocytes, brain etc (increases in HF) ```
47
what do NPs do?
released in response to cardiac distension 1. increase Na and H2O excretion 2. decrease renin release 3. vasodilate
48
there is no parasympathetic innervation in blood vessels smooth muscle, true or false?
true (apart from genitalia)
49
name 8 vasodilators
``` NO histamine bradykinin adrenaline dobutamine ANP BNP PGI2 ```
50
name 5 vasoconstrictors
``` endothelin leukotrienes (asthma, mast cells) thromboxane A2 serotonin adrenaline on alpha (skin, gut, kidneys) ```
51
investigations for intermittent claudication?
non invasive = ABPI (systolic) - should be 0.4-0.85 Invasive = MRA, CT angio/catheter
52
critical limb ischaemia?
pain at rest, worse lying flat, better moving around
53
6 Ps of acute limb ischaemia?
``` pain pallor pulseless perishingly cold paraesthesia paralysis ```
54
salvageable limb ischaemia?
<12 hrs | blanching mottled
55
non-salvageable limb ischaemia?
red, tender compartment of calf | >12 hrs
56
management of acute limb ischaemia?
``` ABC bloods ECG CXR anticoagulants arterial imaging if in doubt - urgent CT/catheter angio ```
57
3 components of diabetic foot sepsis?
diabetic neuropathy peripheral vascular disease infection
58
pathogenesis of aneurysm?
defect of elastin/collagen > dilation/increased aortic wall stress
59
AAA diagnosis?
1st line = US | CT if looking to tell whether its ruptured
60
diseases assoc with mitral regurg?
``` rheumatic disease MI/papillary rupture LVH cardiomyopathy Marfans ```
61
diseases assoc with mitral stenosis?
``` rheumatic fever SLE calcification amyloidosis prosthetic valve ```
62
diseases assoc with aortic regurgitation?
``` cusp rupture marfans rheumatoid arthritis SLE aortic dissection infection > perforation ankylosing spondylitis syphilis ```
63
diseases assoc with aortic stenosis?
congenital age-related calcification rheumatic disease
64
tricuspid regurgitation?
pan systolic | high pitched

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