Pulmonary Histology

Question 1

What type of epithelium is the respiratory epithelium?

Answer 1

pseudostratified ciliated columnar.

Question 2

What are the three components of the respiratory mucosa?

Answer 2

respiratory epithelium

Lamina propria

Submucosa

Question 3

What type of epithelium is the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 3

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Does not contain goblet cells.

Question 4

What is the function of sustentacular cells in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 4

They provide support.

Question 5

What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 5

They are stem cells that give rise to immature olfactory cells.

Question 6

What types of cells are present in the olfactory epithelium?

Answer 6

sustentacular cells (support cells)

Basal cells (stem cells)

Olfactory cells (bipolar neurons)

Question 7

Olfactory cells are what type of neuron?

Answer 7

bipolar neuron.

Question 8

What are the function of olfactory cells?

Answer 8

They allow for the sense of smell. They do so via G-protein linked odor-specific receptors.

Question 9

You are conducting an experiment on scent and knock out a gene in mice that prevents the proliferation of basal cells. How will the sense of smell be affected?

Answer 9

There will be no sense of smell because basal cells are responsible for replacing old olfactory cells.

Question 10

What is the function of the olfactory glands of Bowman?

Answer 10

They secrete odorant binding proteins.

These proteins bind to odorant molecules in the nasal cavity.

Question 11

If you wanted to prevent the generation of an action potential in the nose, the production of what protein should be inhibited?

Answer 11

odorant receptor protein.

The odorant receptor protein binds to the olfactory cell cilium, which activates adenyl cyclase.

Question 12

The nasopharynx is made up of what three components?

Answer 12

Mucosa

Submucosa

Waldeyer’s Ring

Question 13

The mucosa consists of what type of epithelium?

Answer 13

respiratory epithelium

Question 14

What comprises the submucosa?

Answer 14

loose connective tissue

mucosa associated lymphoid tissue.

Question 15

What two surfaces comprise the epiglottis?

Answer 15

lingual surface

pharyngeal surface

Question 16

The lingual surface is comprised of what type of epithelium?

Answer 16

stratified squamous epithelium

Question 17

The pharyngeal surace is comprised of what type of epithelium?

Answer 17

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

Question 18

What type of epithelium is in the false vocal cords (larynx)?

Answer 18

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

Question 19

What epithelium is present in the true vocal cords (larynx)?

Answer 19

stratified squamous epithelium.

Lacks seromucous glands.

Question 20

Excluding the true vocal cords, epiglottis and fase vocal cords, what type of epithelium is present in the larynx?

Answer 20

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium.

Question 21

What type of cartilage is found in the larynx?

Answer 21

hyaline and elastic cartilage

Question 22

What type of muscle is found in the larynx?

Answer 22

skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Question 23

What type of epithelium is found in the trachea?

Answer 23

respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar).

Question 24

What are the three components of the trachea?

Answer 24

mucosa, submucosa and adventitia.

Question 25

What comprises the "lung?"

Answer 25

The respiratory system components distal to the trachea. Bronchial tree and the alveoli.

Question 26

How many lobes are there?

Answer 26

5 (3 on the right, 2 on the left).

Question 27

What does the trachea divide into?

Answer 27

Two primary bronchi - one to each lung Each primary bronchi divides into 3 (right) or 2 (left) secondary bronchi.

Question 28

What is another term for secondary bronchi?

Answer 28

segmental bronchi.

Question 29

As the bronchi become smaller, there is a ____ in the height of epithelium, as well as _____.

Answer 29

decrease; cartilage and glands.

Question 30

As the bronchi become smaller, what happens to the muscle and fiber content?

Answer 30

they both increase.

Question 31

What is another term for primary bronchi?

Answer 31

extrapulmonary bronchi

Question 32

What are the three components of the intrapulmonary bronchi?

Answer 32

mucosa, submucosa and adventitia. The submucosa contains loose CT and glands. The adventitia contains hyaline cartilage plates surrounded by dense FECT.

Question 33

What are the two main characteristics of bronchioles?

Answer 33

They do not have glands or cartilage.

Question 34

What type of muscle is found in the bronchioles?

Answer 34

smooth muscle tissue.

Question 35

What is the transition of epithelium in the bronchioles?

Answer 35

From ciliated columnar with a few goblet cells to ciliated cuboidal with no goblet cells.

Question 36

What are the smallest bronchioles called?

Answer 36

terminal bronchioles.

Question 37

What epithelium is present in the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 37

low columnar to low cuboidal epithelium.

Question 38

What occurs at the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 38

gas exchange. It is the first time in the respiratory tree that gas exchange occurs here.

Question 39

What are the two regions of the alveoli?

Answer 39

Alveolar ducts and sacs.

Question 40

What cells comprise the walls of the alveoli and septa?

Answer 40

Type I and Type II alveolar cells. Type I covers the largest surface area. Type II is cuboidal and serves as stem cells of type I and II cells.

Question 41

What are the Pores of Kohn?

Answer 41

Openings between adjacent alveoli.

Question 42

What cell types are found in the mucosa?

Answer 42

Ciliated columnar cells Nonciliated columnar cells Stem cells Goblet cells Neuroendocrine cells.

Question 43

What is the function of neuroendocrine cells?

Answer 43

sensory reception. The release of catecholamines.

Question 44

Clara cells and type II alveolar cells secrete what?

Answer 44

A surfactant. It reduces the surface tension on alveolar surfaces. Type II alveolar cells phagocytize old surfactant.

Question 45

Which type of pneumocyte convers about 95% of the alveolar surface?

Answer 45

Type I

Question 46

What type of pneumocyte can divide and replace type I pnuemocytes?

Answer 46

Type II

Question 47

The basal lamina of which pneumocyte is sometimes fused with the basal lamina of nearby capillaries?

Answer 47

Type I

Question 48

What type of pneumocyte produces phospholipid surfactants that coat alveolar wals?

Answer 48

Type II

Question 49

What do clara cells secrete?

Answer 49

surface-active lipoproteins that prevent the collapse of terminal bronchioles during exhalation.

Question 50

You are examining a microscopic slide of the bronchioles. You note that a particular type of cell is present as the ciliated columnar cells decrease. What type of cell have you found?

Answer 50

Clara cells.

Question 51

What cells are considered to be macrophages in the bronchioles?

Answer 51

Dust cells.

Question 52

You encounter a patient with congestive heart failure. In the patient, hemoglobin particles have leaked into the alveolar spaces. You expect what type of cell to phagocytize the hemoglobin?

Answer 52

Dust cells

Question 53

What are the components of the blood-air barrier?

Answer 53

thin capillary endothelium thin epithelium of pneumocyte basal lamina produced by both cell types.

Question 54

What is the function of the blood-air barrier?

Answer 54

To permit gas exchange but to not allow fluids or cells to enter the alveoli.

Question 55

What kind of epithelium lines the nares?

Answer 55

stratified squamous epithelium. It is continuous with the epidermis.