Q1 CARDIO

Question 1

clinical signs of acute myocardial failure

Answer 1

syncope and cardiogenic shock

Question 2

6 compensatory changes to chronic myocardial failure

Answer 2

chamber dilation, myocardial hypertrophy, increased HR, increased peripheral resistance, increased blood volume, redistribution of blood flow

Question 3

what pathologies lead to eccentric vs concentric hypertrophy

Answer 3

eccentric- valve lesions and septal defects
concentric- stenotic valves and obstructions

Question 4

hemosiderosis

Answer 4

hemosiderin laden alveolar macrophages show as brown pigment in lungs during left sided heart failure

Question 5

6 mechanisms of cardiovascular failure

Answer 5

rupture, obstructed flow through heart, pump failure (myocardial injury), blood shunts, arrhythmias, and regurgitant flow

Question 6

ASD (PFO too really)

Answer 6

left to right shunting, right atrium dilates, pulmonary hypertension

Question 7

VSD

Answer 7

left to right shunting, left atrium dilates, pulmonary hypertension

Question 8

PDA

Answer 8

left to right shunting, right atrium dilates, pulmonary hypertension, continuous murmur (small breeds and german sheps)

Question 9

pulmonic stenosis

Answer 9

concentric right ventricular hypertrophy, common in brachycephalics

Question 10

aortic stenosis

Answer 10

concentric left ventricular hypertrophy, common in large breeds

Question 11

tricuspid/mitral dysplasia

Answer 11

eccentric hypertrophy of the affected ventricle, most common in cats

Question 12

tetrology of fallot

Answer 12

pulmonary valve narrowing, right ventricular hypertrophy, overriding aorta, VSD
creates a right to left shunt, hypoxia

Question 13

vascular ring anomaly (persistent right aortic arch)

Answer 13

cranial megaesophagus, often causes regurg and aspiration

Question 14

ectopia cordis

Answer 14

heart located outside of chest, susceptible to trauma, most common in calves

Question 15

most common defect in dogs

Answer 15

PDA

Question 16

serous atrophy of fat

Answer 16

indicative of chronic emaciation, fat is gelatinous and clear

Question 17

fibrinosuppurative pericarditis

Answer 17

bread and butter appearance, often because of traumatic reticulopericarditis

Question 18

what pathologies in the heart are caused by selenium and vitamin E deficiencies

Answer 18

myocardial necrosis, white muscle disease or mulberry heart disease in pigs

Question 19

copper deficiency cardiac pathology

Answer 19

predisposed to vascular aneurysmal dilations of tears

Question 20

common cardiac toxicity in horses

Answer 20

ionophore coccidiostats (chicken feed)

Question 21

endocarditis pathogenesis

Answer 21

bacteremia causes virchow’s triad, fibrin and bacteria adhere to valve surface, septic emboli, valve dysfunction or septic shock leads to death

Question 22

most common cause of CHF in old dogs

Answer 22

endocardiosis or myxomatous valvular degeneration, often mitral valve, leads to jet lesions or chordae tendinae rupture

Question 23

feline endomyocarditis

Answer 23

young cats after stressful events develop inflammation of the LV outflow tract, often presents with interstitial pneumonia

Question 24

chemodectoma

Answer 24

aortic body tumor, bradycephalic older males, sometimes spongy feeling, packets on histo, locally invasive

Question 25

hemangiosarcoma

Answer 25

often in right auricle, large breeds, very metastatic, often ruptures

Question 26

malignant lymphoma

Answer 26

secondary, common in bovine leukemia, soft white tissue in weird places

Question 27

three layers of arteriole wall

Answer 27

inside - tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia - outside

Question 28

primary causes of arterial hypertrophy

Answer 28

left to right shunts, parasites in cats, brisket disease in cattle

Question 29

brisket disease pathogenesis

Answer 29

hypoxia induces vasoconstriction in pulmonary arteries, pulmonary hypertension, right sided congestive heart failure, ventral edema

Question 30

FIP

Answer 30

pyogranulomatous phlebitis, type III (wet) and type IV (dry) hypersensitivity

Question 31

Dirofilaria immitis

Answer 31

nematode matures in pulmonary arteries, eosinophilic endarteritis (granular surface of pulmonary artery), caval syndrome (liver failure, hemolytic anemia, cardiogenic shock), w/ right sided cardiomegaly

Question 32

Strongylus vulgaris

Answer 32

cranial mesenteric artery thrombus formation

Question 33

arteriosclerosis

Answer 33

most common degenerative vascular disease, age related fibrosis of large elastic arteries

Question 34

arterial medial calcification

Answer 34

mineral deposition from calcinogenic plants, vitamin D toxicosis, uremia and johnes disease

Question 35

atherosclerosis

Answer 35

lipid deposits in elastic and muscular arteries, hypothyroid and DM in dogs