Q1 NEURO

Question 1

What are some unique clinical signs with trauma in the cerebrum?

Answer 1

Behavior changes, head pressing, blindness

Question 2

What are some unique clinical signs with trauma in the midbrain/cerebellum/brainstem

Answer 2

Hypermetria, head tilt, nystagmus, tremors

Question 3

Coup and contrecoup

Answer 3

Coup is trauma to the same side as the impact, contrecoup is trauma of hitting other side of skull

Question 4

Concussion vs contusion

Answer 4

Contusion results in hemorrhage, where concussion has no gross evidence of injury

Question 5

what are the three layers of meninges from superficial to deep

Answer 5

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia matter

Question 6

Type I Disc Herniation

Answer 6

acute herniation of just the nucleus pulposus, more common in dachshunds and dwarf breeds

Question 7

Type 2 Disc Herniation

Answer 7

gradual protrusion of the entire disc, large breeds or cats

Question 8

hemorrhagic myelomalacia

Answer 8

hemorrhage and necrosis within the spinal cord 12-24hr after injury, near C5 life threatening w/ phrenic nerve

Question 9

feline ischemic encephalopathy

Answer 9

unilateral ischemic necrosis and atrophy pf cerebral cortex (supplied by middle cerebral artery)

Question 10

fibrocartilaginous emboli

Answer 10

IVDD material thrown into spinal blood vessels that make it to the brain circulation

Question 11

meningioma

Answer 11

most common primary brain tumor, benign

Question 12

gemistocytes

Answer 12

astrocytes that respond to injury by increasing their cytoplasm

Question 13

alzheimer type 2 astrocytes

Answer 13

clusters of nuclei that are swollen and clear, associated with hepatic and renal encephalopathy

Question 14

astrocytoma

Answer 14

very infiltrative with indistinct margins, swelling grossly appreciated

Question 15

oligodendroglioma

Answer 15

mature male dogs, soft and gelatinous masses with fried egg histo

Question 16

choroid plexus tumors

Answer 16

modified ependymal cells that produce CNS, grossly looks like papilloma, adenoma or carcinoma

Question 17

medulloblastomas

Answer 17

highly malignant tumors in cerebellum of young animals (calves), arise from external granular layer of cerebellum

Question 18

cause for the brain to look like a “chocolate chip cookie”

Answer 18

mets of hemangiosarcoma or melanoma

Question 19

CNS lymphoma

Answer 19

rarely primary, pale pink mass

Question 20

peripheral nerve sheath tumor

Answer 20

nodular, smooth, pale masses that are locally invasive (neurofibromatosis in cows)

Question 21

polioencecphalitis

Answer 21

inflammation of grey matter

Question 22

listeria monocytogenes

Answer 22

bacteria gain access to peripheral nerves in oral cavity and travel to brainstem, suppurative meningoencephalitis, microabscesses in the brainstem, unilateral paralysis of CN 5,7,8

Question 23

thrombotic meningoencephalitis

Answer 23

caused by Histophilus somni, multifocal infarcts, necrotizing vasculitis and septic thrombi

Question 24

rabies pathogenesis

Answer 24

saliva enters bite wound with virus, retrograde travel, extensive replication in the brain, lastly replicates in salivary glands to be excreted and even enters the rest of the host before they die

Question 25

negri bodies

Answer 25

inclusion bodies found in rabies cases, ruminants in purkinje cells and carnivores in hippocampus

Question 26

dry vs wet FIP

Answer 26

wet (type III) and dry (type IV)

Question 27

equine myeloencephalitis

Answer 27

adults horse with a history of respiratory disease, now showing hindlimb weakness, caused by EHV-1, hemorrhage and malacia in spinal cord

Question 28

most common protozoal parasites in cats, dogs and opossums

Answer 28

cat: toxoplasma gondii dog: neospora spp opossum: S. neurona

Question 29

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

Answer 29

often S. neurona affects spinal cord more than anywhere else

Question 30

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies pathogenesis

Answer 30

prion ingested, converts host proteins to B-pleated sheets, often found in lymphoid tissues and GI byt travel retrograde, vacuoles and degeneration of neurons on histopath, send in OBEX for testing

Question 31

viruses that cause congenital malformations

Answer 31

orthobunya, orbiviruses (bluetongue), pestiviruses, parvoviruses

Question 32

what can cause cyclopia in lambs

Answer 32

ingestion of veratrum californicum during 14th day of gestation

Question 33

congenital hydrocephalus

Answer 33

most common in toybreeds, fusion of the rostral colliculi results in CSF obstruction, also persistent fontanelles

Question 34

meningocele

Answer 34

outpouching of meninges from defect in skull

Question 35

cerebellar malformations

Answer 35

caused by parvo or pestiviruses, shortly before birth to two weeks postnatal, cerebellar hypoplasia

Question 36

neuronal abiotrophy

Answer 36

degeneration after forming neurons, marked purkinje cell necrosis in cerebellum, weird dogs and arabians

Question 37

syringomyelia

Answer 37

fluid containing cavities within the parynchyma, from turbulence of CSF, often involves occipital dysplasia, CKCS

Question 38

degenerative myelopathy

Answer 38

white matter degeneration in caudal thoracic and lumbar spine, older german shepherds or corgis

Question 39

meningeal fibrosis

Answer 39

white opacity over sulci, normal aging

Question 40

dural osseous metaplasia

Answer 40

bone within meninges, usually incidental in large breeds

Question 41

equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma

Answer 41

aggregates of cholesterol in ventricles, not neoplasm, incidental

Question 42

nigropallidal encephalomalacia

Answer 42

ingestion of yellow star thistle, repin neurotoxin causes oxidative damage, then bilateral malacia of globus pallidus and substantia nigra

Question 43

clostridium perfringens type D Epsilon toxicosis

Answer 43

excess grain diet in small ruminant, epsilon toxin from CP in the intestines, endothelial damage causes brain edema and bilateral malacia of basal ganglia

Question 44

thiamine deficiency

Answer 44

thiaminases and thiamine analogs will cause ruminal acidosis and polioencephalomalacia

Question 45

sulfur toxicity

Answer 45

excess sulfurin in food or water, rumen produces hydrogen sulfide, interferes with energy production, polioencephalomalacia

Question 46

lead toxicity

Answer 46

lead mimics calcium and causes oxidative stress, polioencephalomalacia

Question 47

salt toxicity

Answer 47

dehydration causes accumulation of Na+ in the CSF, rapid water intake and edema leads to cortical necrosis and eosinophilic inflammation in pigs

Question 48

leukoencephalomalacia

Answer 48

caused by moldy corn ingestion in horses (Furonosin spp. produces B1, sphingosine toxicosis)

Question 49

what can cause lysosomal storage neuropathy

Answer 49

prolonged locoweed (swainsonine) ingestion

Question 50

nutritional deficiencies that cause oxidative stress to CNS

Answer 50

copper and vitamin E (found in green grass) (EDM young horses and EMND adults