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PATH > Q1 NEURO > Flashcards

Q1 NEURO Flashcards

1
Q

What are some unique clinical signs with trauma in the cerebrum?

A

Behavior changes, head pressing, blindness

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2
Q

What are some unique clinical signs with trauma in the midbrain/cerebellum/brainstem

A

Hypermetria, head tilt, nystagmus, tremors

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3
Q

Coup and contrecoup

A

Coup is trauma to the same side as the impact, contrecoup is trauma of hitting other side of skull

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4
Q

Concussion vs contusion

A

Contusion results in hemorrhage, where concussion has no gross evidence of injury

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5
Q

what are the three layers of meninges from superficial to deep

A

dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia matter

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6
Q

Type I Disc Herniation

A

acute herniation of just the nucleus pulposus, more common in dachshunds and dwarf breeds

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7
Q

Type 2 Disc Herniation

A

gradual protrusion of the entire disc, large breeds or cats

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8
Q

hemorrhagic myelomalacia

A

hemorrhage and necrosis within the spinal cord 12-24hr after injury, near C5 life threatening w/ phrenic nerve

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9
Q

feline ischemic encephalopathy

A

unilateral ischemic necrosis and atrophy pf cerebral cortex (supplied by middle cerebral artery)

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10
Q

fibrocartilaginous emboli

A

IVDD material thrown into spinal blood vessels that make it to the brain circulation

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11
Q

meningioma

A

most common primary brain tumor, benign

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12
Q

gemistocytes

A

astrocytes that respond to injury by increasing their cytoplasm

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13
Q

alzheimer type 2 astrocytes

A

clusters of nuclei that are swollen and clear, associated with hepatic and renal encephalopathy

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14
Q

astrocytoma

A

very infiltrative with indistinct margins, swelling grossly appreciated

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15
Q

oligodendroglioma

A

mature male dogs, soft and gelatinous masses with fried egg histo

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16
Q

choroid plexus tumors

A

modified ependymal cells that produce CNS, grossly looks like papilloma, adenoma or carcinoma

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17
Q

medulloblastomas

A

highly malignant tumors in cerebellum of young animals (calves), arise from external granular layer of cerebellum

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18
Q

cause for the brain to look like a “chocolate chip cookie”

A

mets of hemangiosarcoma or melanoma

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19
Q

CNS lymphoma

A

rarely primary, pale pink mass

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20
Q

peripheral nerve sheath tumor

A

nodular, smooth, pale masses that are locally invasive (neurofibromatosis in cows)

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21
Q

polioencecphalitis

A

inflammation of grey matter

22
Q

listeria monocytogenes

A

bacteria gain access to peripheral nerves in oral cavity and travel to brainstem, suppurative meningoencephalitis, microabscesses in the brainstem, unilateral paralysis of CN 5,7,8

23
Q

thrombotic meningoencephalitis

A

caused by Histophilus somni, multifocal infarcts, necrotizing vasculitis and septic thrombi

24
Q

rabies pathogenesis

A

saliva enters bite wound with virus, retrograde travel, extensive replication in the brain, lastly replicates in salivary glands to be excreted and even enters the rest of the host before they die

25
Q

negri bodies

A

inclusion bodies found in rabies cases, ruminants in purkinje cells and carnivores in hippocampus

26
Q

dry vs wet FIP

A

wet (type III) and dry (type IV)

27
Q

equine myeloencephalitis

A

adults horse with a history of respiratory disease, now showing hindlimb weakness, caused by EHV-1, hemorrhage and malacia in spinal cord

28
Q

most common protozoal parasites in cats, dogs and opossums

A

cat: toxoplasma gondii
dog: neospora spp
opossum: S. neurona

29
Q

equine protozoal myeloencephalitis

A

often S. neurona affects spinal cord more than anywhere else

30
Q

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies pathogenesis

A

prion ingested, converts host proteins to B-pleated sheets, often found in lymphoid tissues and GI byt travel retrograde, vacuoles and degeneration of neurons on histopath, send in OBEX for testing

31
Q

viruses that cause congenital malformations

A

orthobunya, orbiviruses (bluetongue), pestiviruses, parvoviruses

32
Q

what can cause cyclopia in lambs

A

ingestion of veratrum californicum during 14th day of gestation

33
Q

congenital hydrocephalus

A

most common in toybreeds, fusion of the rostral colliculi results in CSF obstruction, also persistent fontanelles

34
Q

meningocele

A

outpouching of meninges from defect in skull

35
Q

cerebellar malformations

A

caused by parvo or pestiviruses, shortly before birth to two weeks postnatal, cerebellar hypoplasia

36
Q

neuronal abiotrophy

A

degeneration after forming neurons, marked purkinje cell necrosis in cerebellum, weird dogs and arabians

37
Q

syringomyelia

A

fluid containing cavities within the parynchyma, from turbulence of CSF, often involves occipital dysplasia, CKCS

38
Q

degenerative myelopathy

A

white matter degeneration in caudal thoracic and lumbar spine, older german shepherds or corgis

39
Q

meningeal fibrosis

A

white opacity over sulci, normal aging

40
Q

dural osseous metaplasia

A

bone within meninges, usually incidental in large breeds

41
Q

equine choroid plexus cholesterol granuloma

A

aggregates of cholesterol in ventricles, not neoplasm, incidental

42
Q

nigropallidal encephalomalacia

A

ingestion of yellow star thistle, repin neurotoxin causes oxidative damage, then bilateral malacia of globus pallidus and substantia nigra

43
Q

clostridium perfringens type D Epsilon toxicosis

A

excess grain diet in small ruminant, epsilon toxin from CP in the intestines, endothelial damage causes brain edema and bilateral malacia of basal ganglia

44
Q

thiamine deficiency

A

thiaminases and thiamine analogs will cause ruminal acidosis and polioencephalomalacia

45
Q

sulfur toxicity

A

excess sulfurin in food or water, rumen produces hydrogen sulfide, interferes with energy production, polioencephalomalacia

46
Q

lead toxicity

A

lead mimics calcium and causes oxidative stress, polioencephalomalacia

47
Q

salt toxicity

A

dehydration causes accumulation of Na+ in the CSF, rapid water intake and edema leads to cortical necrosis and eosinophilic inflammation in pigs

48
Q

leukoencephalomalacia

A

caused by moldy corn ingestion in horses (Furonosin spp. produces B1, sphingosine toxicosis)

49
Q

what can cause lysosomal storage neuropathy

A

prolonged locoweed (swainsonine) ingestion

50
Q

nutritional deficiencies that cause oxidative stress to CNS

A

copper and vitamin E (found in green grass) (EDM young horses and EMND adults

PATH (13 decks)

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