Q2 URINARY and EXOTICS

Question 1

how much function does the kidney have to lose to go into renal failure?

Answer 1

75-80%

Question 2

what is the most important cause of acute renal failure

Answer 2

tubular necrosis

Question 3

mechanisms for non-renal lesions of uremia

Answer 3

endothelial damage, ammonia production, Ca/P imbalance

Question 4

what is the pathogenesis of secondary hyperparathyroidism in renal failure

Answer 4

insufficient renal function, high P, high PTH, Ca removed from bones, causes fibrous osteodystrophy

Question 5

polycystic kidney disease common breeds and where else are cysts found

Answer 5

persian cats and bull terriers, cysts often also in pancreas and liver

Question 6

ectopic ureters breed predilection and clinical sign

Answer 6

huskies with urinary incontinence

Question 6

urachal anomalies

Answer 6

patent urachus (male foals drip urine), persistent urachal remnant (incomplete emptying of bladder)

Question 7

CHV-1 pathogenesis

Answer 7

young puppies with intrauterine infection leads to renal vascular insult, with eosinophilic inclusion bodies in epithelium

Question 8

gross differences in acute, subacute and chronic renal infarcts

Answer 8

red and swollen, white with peripheral red area, white and depressed

Question 9

analgesic nephropathy

Answer 9

NSAID administration and dehydration leads to hypoxia of renal papillae

Question 10

three parts of the glomerular filtration barrier

Answer 10

capillary endothelium, basement membrane, and podocytes

Question 11

what are the four components to nephrotic syndrome

Answer 11

proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, generalized edema, hypercholesterolemia

Question 12

glomerular nephritis pathology

Answer 12

immune complex formation lodges in glomeruli, inflammatory reaction of mesangial cells (bernies)

Question 13

what breeds are predisposed to renal amyloidosis

Answer 13

shar pei, abyssinian

Question 14

what are the most common bacteria implicated for bacterial embolic nephritis in horses, SR, pigs and cattle

Answer 14

horse: actinobacillus equuli
SR: corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
pigs: erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae
cattle: trueperella pyogenes

Question 15

ethylene glycol pathogenesis

Answer 15

rapidly absorbed and metabolized, calcium oxalate crystals

Question 16

melamine and cyanuric acid toxicity

Answer 16

necrosis of the DISTAL convoluted tubules with golden crystals

Question 17

how does oak cause disease in large animals

Answer 17

tannin metabolites target endothelial cells causing hematuria (cortical petechiae)

Question 18

worst aminoglycoside and how do they become toxic to the kidneys

Answer 18

neomycin and accumulates in lysosomes of proximal convoluted tubules

Question 19

hemoglobinuria causes in sheep and horses

Answer 19

sheep: copper tox, blood transfusion
horse: red maple toxicity and neonatal isoerythrolysis (GUN METAL)

Question 20

common bacteria involved in ascending infection in all animals, cattle, and pigs

Answer 20

e coli, corynebacterium renale and trueperella, and actinobaculum suis

Question 21

where does lepto like to hang out after a week

Answer 21

proximal convoluted tubules

Question 22

swine renal parasite that migrates through the liver

Answer 22

stephanurus dentatus

Question 23

giant kidney worm that infects any fish eating mammal

Answer 23

dioctophyma renale

Question 24

pearsonema

Answer 24

subclinical renal parasite

Question 25

most common primary renal tumor of dog

Answer 25

renal carcinoma, often mets (cattle benign but bilateral)

Question 26

pigs, chickens and G sheps developmental tumor that can produce EPO

Answer 26

renal nephroblastoma

Question 27

silica urolithiasis

Answer 27

ruminants and dehydration

Question 28

struvite urolithiasis

Answer 28

commonly associated with infection in canine females, likes high pH

Question 29

oxalate urolithiasis

Answer 29

persian and himalayan cats with acidic urine

Question 30

urate urolithiasis

Answer 30

high protein diet and dalmations/liver disease

Question 31

follicular cystitis

Answer 31

white and red spotting and lymphoid follicle formation

Question 32

polypoid cystitis

Answer 32

hyperplasia in the bladder

Question 33

what disposes animals to emphysematous cystitis

Answer 33

diabetes

Question 34

enzootic hematuria

Answer 34

chronic bracken fern ingestion causes tumors

Question 35

embryonal grape lookin tumor in young saint bernards

Answer 35

botryoid rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 36

hypovitaminosis A sequelae in exotics

Answer 36

unhealthy epithelium and keratin accumulates and obstructs ducts

Question 37

ureotelic species

Answer 37

mammals

Question 38

uricotelic species

Answer 38

birds and reptiles

Question 39

ammonotelic species

Answer 39

fish

Question 40

causes of gout

Answer 40

dehydration, renal disease, excessive protein consumption/catabolism

Question 41

hypovitaminosis C

Answer 41

scurvey (guinea pigs) lack L-gulonolactone oxidase so need to get C from diet, impaired synthesis of perivascular collagen causes hemorrhages

Question 42

tyzzer's disease

Answer 42

affects liver, intestine heart from clostridium piliforme

Question 43

epizootic catarrhal enteritis

Answer 43

green slime disease, high morbidity low mortality

Question 44

what causes teeth grinding and ulcerative gastritis in ferrets

Answer 44

Helicobacter mustelae

Question 45

how does acute lymphoma commonly present in ferrets

Answer 45

young ferret with respiratory problems, mediastinal lymphoma

Question 46

gelatinous tumor at end of tail in ferrets

Answer 46

chordoma

Question 47

prognosis for mammary tumor in mice

Answer 47

POOR retroviral induced

Question 48

what causes pneumonia in rats

Answer 48

corynebacterium kutscheri

Question 49

most common tumor of rats

Answer 49

pituitary adenoma (mammary not a big deal)

Question 50

what species commonly gets L sided atrial thrombosis and L intracellularis infection?

Answer 50

hamster

Question 51

bacterial pneumonia causes in guinea pig

Answer 51

bordetella bronchiseptica and strep pneumoniae (asymptomatic carriers are rabbits)

Question 52

etiologic agent in cervical lymphadenitis

Answer 52

strep zooepidemicus in guinea pigs

Question 53

what causes seizure like intense pruritis in guinea pigs

Answer 53

trixacarus caviae

Question 54

common cause of widespread bacterial infection in a rabbit

Answer 54

pasteurella multocida

Question 55

causative agent of ocular, neurologic, and renal infection in rabbits

Answer 55

Encephalitozoon cuniculi

Question 56

rabbit ear mites

Answer 56

psoroptes cuniculi

Question 57

common tumor of female rabbits

Answer 57

uterine adenocarcinoma

Question 58

zoonotic agent causing fibrinous airsacculitis and hepatosplenomegaly in birds

Answer 58

chlamydia psittacii

Question 59

PsHV

Answer 59

causes liver/ spleen necrosis and papillomas/ cholangiocellular carcinoma

Question 60

beak and feather disease

Answer 60

circovirus

Question 61

proventricular dilation disease

Answer 61

bornavirus, passing undigested seeds

Question 62

budgerigar fledgling disease

Answer 62

polyomavirus causes feather anomalies and hemorrhage

Question 63

self feather plucking

Answer 63

pterotillomania

Question 64

means of transmission of IBD among snakes in captivity

Answer 64

snake mites, Ophionyssus natricis

Question 65

metabolic bone disease

Answer 65

secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by ca/p imbalances, renal or parathyroid disease, UVB light deficiency, and vitamin D deficiency

Question 66

dysecdysis

Answer 66

shedding