Q2 BONE and MUSCLE

Question 1

endochondral ossification

Answer 1

cartilage model, fetal long bones, bony collar, primary then secondary centers of ossification

Question 2

intramembranous ossification

Answer 2

flat bones and healing later in life

Question 3

4 zones of endochondral ossification at the epiphysis

Answer 3

resting, proliferative, hypertrophic, calcifying

Question 4

two layers of periosteum

Answer 4

outer fibrous layer and inner osteogenic layer

Question 5

type A and B synoviocytes

Answer 5

A are antigen presenting, B produce fluid

Question 6

growth arrest lines

Answer 6

lines of thin bone parallel to the growth plate from times of nurtrient deficiency

Question 7

growth retardation lattice

Answer 7

acquired impairment of osteoclastic resorption, area of increased bone density in the metaphysis (BVDV or distemper)

Question 8

Osteopetrosis

Answer 8

bone density increase, but bone more fragile, red angus gene in cows, triangular radiodensities

Question 9

wolffs law

Answer 9

tension = resorption and compression = formation

Question 10

eburnation

Answer 10

smooth and shiny surface of subchondral bone after cartilage ulceration

Question 11

pannus

Answer 11

granulation tissue arises from the synovial membrane and spreads over articular cartilage, can eventually fuse joint (ankylosis)

Question 12

congenital cortical hyperostosis

Answer 12

piglets have thick forelimbs from abnormal periosteal bone formation

Question 13

cause of chondrodysplasias

Answer 13

mutation in FGF4 causes downregulation of chondrocytes proliferation

Question 14

spider lamb syndrome

Answer 14

FGFR3 usually limited growth, but mutation removes inhibition

Question 15

osteochondroses

Answer 15

latens then manifesta then dissecans growing in severity

Question 16

rickets and osteomalacia

Answer 16

vit D or phosphorus deficiency in growing animals also affects epiphyseal cartilage vs adult animals (causes nodular enlargement of costochondral junction)

Question 17

fibrous osteodystrophy

Answer 17

caused by increased PTH, renal disease (hyperphosphatemia) or nutritional deficiency of Ca, all stimulate bone resorption, causes swelling of bone or teeth to move around in dog

Question 18

hypertrophic osteodystrophy

Answer 18

disease of young dogs causes double physis line

Question 19

exostosis and enostosis

Answer 19

bony growth projecting outward vs in the medullary cavity

Question 20

hypertrophic osteopathy

Answer 20

progressive periosteal excessive bone formation often occurs secondary to thoracic masses

Question 21

steps of fracture repair

Answer 21

granulation tissue in days, then primary callus of woven bone in weeks, then remodeling in lamellar bone in years

Question 22

arthrogryposis

Answer 22

congenital contracture of a joint due to CNS damage usually caused by maternal intoxications (hemlock)

Question 23

common bacterial joint inflammation (5)

Answer 23

E rhusiopathiae, trueperella, haemophilus, borrelia, mycoplasmas

Question 24

cause of viral arthritis

Answer 24

caprine arthritis and encephalitis virus

Question 25

types of muscle fibers

Answer 25

1 slow twitch
2A fast twitch and fatigue resistant
2B fast twitch but fatigued

Question 26

exercise induced myonecrosis

Answer 26

“capture myopathy” resulting from tying up under stress

Question 27

myositis ossificans

Answer 27

uncommon reaction of muscle to trauma causes osseus metaplasia

Question 28

congenital muscular steatosis

Answer 28

denervation atrophy in the calf replaces muscle with fat

Question 29

congenital muscular hyperplasia

Answer 29

inactiviation of the myostatin gene, which regulates muscle growth

Question 30

malignant hyperthermia

Answer 30

unregulated release of calcium results in excessive contraction and heat, defect in the ryanodine receptor

Question 31

glycogen storage disease type IV

Answer 31

caused by deficiency of GBE, abnormal glycogen called amylopectin accumulates within cells (PAS stain for glycogen)

Question 32

myasthenia gravis

Answer 32

autoantibodies against acetylcholine receptor associated with thymic abnormalities

Question 33

tick paralysis

Answer 33

tick toxins block release of ach

Question 34

rhabdomyosarcoma

Answer 34

occur at young age in the neck or oral cavity

Question 35

clostridial myositis

Answer 35

C septicum most common, causes gas gangrene necrosis

Question 36

botulism

Answer 36

flaccid paralysis bc can’t use ach, can detect toxin in stomach contents?

Question 37

immune mediated myositis

Answer 37

syndrome of severe acute rhabdo, cross reaction of streptococcal antibodies with muscle proteins, atrophy of paraspinal and gluteal muscles

Question 38

protozoal myopathy

Answer 38

sarcocystis mostly incidental

Question 39

ionophore toxicity

Answer 39

causes calcium overload and necrosis

Question 40

EPSSM

Answer 40

point mutation in GYS1 gene allows abnormal accumulation of glycogen within myofibers, gluteal and hamstring stains with PAS

Question 41

equine exertional rhabdo

Answer 41

widespread type 2 myofiber necrosis

Question 42

most common endocrine disorder that causes muscle atrophy

Answer 42

PPID

Question 43

sweeney vs stringhalt

Answer 43

unilateral scapular muscle atrophy due to suprascapular nerve compression, vs sporadic pelvic limb neuropathy maybe H radicata?

Question 44

EMND

Answer 44

vitamin E deficiency causes affected muscles to turn yellow tan and gelatinous

Question 45

blackleg in cattle

Answer 45

clostridium chauvoei from ingestion

Question 46

wooden tongue

Answer 46

actinobacillus lignieresii

Question 47

lumpy jaw

Answer 47

actinomyces bovis

Question 48

eosinophilic myositis

Answer 48

green muscle discoloration from sarcocystis

Question 49

most common degeneration toxicity in goats

Answer 49

honey medquite

Question 50

myotonia in goats

Answer 50

defect in the skeletal muscle chloride channel

Question 51

little parasite in pig muscle

Answer 51

trichinella spiralis